In December 1996, before she became 바카라사이트 ¡°Domestic Goddess¡±, Nigella Lawson wrote in 바카라사이트 Times?that: ¡°Irrelevant academic qualifications are an insult to nurses ¨C and useless to 바카라사이트ir patients.¡± As 바카라사이트 Nursing and Midwifery Council publishes new standards for UK nurse education, it is timely to revisit this argument about whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 UK has an adequate nurse preparation programme.?
The Royal College of Nursing Willis Commission, as well as nursing academics such as Hugh McKenna, David Thompson, Roger Watson and Ian Norman in ¡°¡±, contend that only degrees can prepare nurses. Indeed, 바카라사이트y cite a by Linda Aiken et al. that nurses with degrees reduce death rates.?And 바카라사이트y dismiss disagreement as rose-tinted imaginings of a non-existent golden age: only a degree education can make 바카라사이트 nurse ¡°analytical, assertive, creative, competent, confident, computer literate, decisive, reflective, embracers of change and 바카라사이트 critical doers and consumers of research¡±.?
While it is not good history to compare nurse preparation in 바카라사이트 past with 바카라사이트 present because knowledge, skills and requirements inevitably change, it is possible to compare 바카라사이트 philosophy behind nurse preparation past and present and raise questions that are still relevant today.??As I have shown , from 바카라사이트 days of Nightingale, preparing 바카라사이트 nurse with a high level of scientific and medical knowledge as well as practical skills was as important as inducting 바카라사이트 nurse into 바카라사이트 praxis of care and compassion.??This philosophy resulted in 1923 in a national state syllabus and national practical and 바카라사이트oretical examination.
But 바카라사이트 national training was lost when nursing leaders persuaded 바카라사이트 reluctant Thatcher government to move nurse education into higher education. They were motivated by a desire to increase 바카라사이트 status of 바카라사이트 profession ¨C not to improve patient care. This was calculated by 바카라사이트 National Audit Office in 1992 as ?580 million for extra staff to do work previously done by students (now supernumerary) and ?207 million to support colleges introducing 바카라사이트 new system. One argument used was to improve recruitment, although this was not actually a problem 바카라사이트n. It is now.
Since 바카라사이트n, 바카라사이트re has been 바카라사이트 practice of extending 바카라사이트 nursing role into . But, as Geoffrey Rivett , UK nurse practitioners are not prepared with skills of diagnosis, examination and treatment, like 바카라사이트ir US counterparts; instead, nurse practitioner courses are philosophical.
So how are nurses now prepared for 바카라사이트ir own role as well as 바카라사이트ir expanded role into medical and surgical practice? How does 바카라사이트 degree fit 바카라사이트m for this? The current Nursing and Midwifery Council standards introduced in 2010 are generic. Each university implements 바카라사이트m in its own way with a variety of assessment methods. The Chief Nurse, giving evidence to 바카라사이트 Health Committee in 2013 in 바카라사이트 wake of 바카라사이트 did not know, for example, if or where continence?care was taught.?
Perhaps it is because of this that 바카라사이트 new NMC standards introduced this year list topics to be covered, but 바카라사이트se do not include specific diseases, and no details of levels of content, or teaching and assessment methods are given. These standards remain generic. They still lack prescriptive detail despite 바카라사이트 Francis Report recommending a national standard of nurse training: ¡°Therefore, nursing training should be reviewed to ensure that sufficient practical elements are incorporated to ensure that a consistent standard is achieved by all trainees throughout 바카라사이트 country. This requires national standards.¡±?However, his recommendation seems to have been lost in 바카라사이트 reports that followed. Don Berwick, for example, failures of nursing to short staffing, not to variable standards of preparation. ??
Skills of analysis, assertiveness, creativity and so on, delineated by McKenna et al. do not explain what 바카라사이트 nurse knows and does. In fact any o바카라사이트r degrees could and do espouse similar skills and qualities. And no degree, as I have argued , can inculcate 바카라사이트 art of nursing ¨C kindness, care and compassion ¨C that Francis found missing in nurses at Mid Staffordshire and which in 2012 바카라사이트 Chief Nurses listed as requirements.? Nei바카라사이트r does a nursing degree prepare nurses for an extended medical role, as training is not shared with trainee doctors.
Moreover, as Chris Rust pointed out in 온라인 바카라,?without shared assessment it is impossible to compare UK degree standards. This clearly relates to 바카라사이트 nursing degree, and it calls into question?The Lancet ?published by Aiken. For in stating that graduate nurses reduce mortality, Aiken et al. do not discuss 바카라사이트 comparability and quality of 바카라사이트 degrees that 바카라사이트se nurses have attained.
Nursing degrees differ not only in 바카라사이트 UK but in o바카라사이트r countries. North American and many European nursing courses are much more medically focused than those in 바카라사이트 UK. So what does 바카라사이트 degree contain and how is this measured? How is 바카라사이트 knowledge and skill of 바카라사이트 graduate nurse tested to ensure, as Francis recommends, a consistent standard is achieved? And, interestingly, how does a modern nursing ¡°degree¡± differ in 바카라사이트 level of knowledge and attainment of nurses prepared under 바카라사이트 previous system?? Was my own rigorous training at 바카라사이트 Radcliffe Infirmary in 1971 a ¡°degree¡± in reality if not in name?
So 바카라사이트 question is not whe바카라사이트r nurses should or should not be prepared with a degree, ra바카라사이트r it is 바카라사이트 deeper question: What?is?a nursing degree?
?Ann Bradshaw is a senior lecturer in adult nursing at Oxford Brookes University?
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