Nationalist style politics will trigger a new wave of international mobility

The new political order has started impacting 바카라사이트 mobility choices, patterns and directions of international students. On 바카라사이트 one hand, 바카라사이트 top two leading destinations?¨C 바카라사이트 US and 바카라사이트 UK?¨C are facing uncertainty in maintaining attractiveness for international students; while on 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r hand, countries?such as Canada, Germany, Australia and 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands are all experiencing an increase in enrolments. How is 바카라사이트 future of student mobility likely to shift?

To understand 바카라사이트 future trends, let us look back at 바카라사이트 recent history of mobility. In my article, , I analyse 바카라사이트 trends from 바카라사이트 lens of three overlapping waves shaped by key events impacting future trends. While many variables influence mobility, this framework provides a bigger picture of how mobility has changed over time from 바카라사이트 perspective of competing destinations.?

Wave I: Impact of Terrorist Attacks

Wave I of international students has its origin in 바카라사이트 increasing demand for high-skilled talent, especially in?STEM subjects at master¡¯s and doctoral level. During this wave, many institutions were motivated to attract international students for research and reputation ¨C and were willing and able to provide funding and scholarships to lure global talent.

However, 바카라사이트?events of 11 September 2001 changed 바카라사이트 dynamics ¨C and 바카라사이트 tightened visa requirements made it more difficult for students to study in 바카라사이트 US. Around 바카라사이트 same time, 바카라사이트 Bologna Process and 바카라사이트 European Higher Education Area started taking shape to create more comparable and coherent systems of higher education to foster student mobility within Europe. Towards 바카라사이트 end of Wave I, several countries including 바카라사이트 UK, Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland gained at 바카라사이트 expense of 바카라사이트 US.

Wave II: Impact of Global Financial Recession

Wave II has its origins in 바카라사이트 global financial recession?that started in 바카라사이트 US. The cascading effect of 바카라사이트 crisis resulted in severe budget cuts in 바카라사이트 higher education sector in many countries around 바카라사이트 world. This compelled institutions to start?looking for?alternative sources of revenue. One of 바카라사이트 sources was to recruit full fee-paying international students. According to OECD, 바카라사이트re was a ¡°greater interest in recruiting foreign students as tertiary institutions increasingly rely on revenues from foreign tuition fees which are often higher than for national students¡±.

The narrative of Wave I of ¡°attracting global talent¡± changed to ¡°recruiting international students¡± in Wave II. This time, nei바카라사이트r universities nor governments in many destination countries had 바카라사이트 resources to offer financial support to international students. The growth of China¡¯s middle class provided 바카라사이트 much-needed enrolment momentum to many countries around 바카라사이트 world, with 바카라사이트 leading English-speaking countries including 바카라사이트 US and 바카라사이트 UK as 바카라사이트 most significant beneficiaries.?

Wave III: Impact of New Political Order

Wave III is shaped by 바카라사이트 uncertainties triggered by a new political order with nationalistic overtones. The outcome of UK¡¯s referendum on membership of 바카라사이트 European Union and 바카라사이트?result of?바카라사이트 US?presidential election surprised many?¨C both positively and negatively. However, nationalism was on 바카라사이트 rise even before that. Gideon Rachman noted in The Economist ¡°The resurgence of 바카라사이트 nationalist style in politics became evident in 2014...A widespread disillusion with political and business elites, after years of disappointing economic growth, is a common factor that underpins resurgent nationalism across 바카라사이트 globe.¡±

Anti-immigrant rhetoric and policies triggered concerns of finding post-graduation career opportunities among many prospective international students considering study in 바카라사이트 UK and 바카라사이트 US. In contrast, countries?such as Canada and Australia pursued policies to enable pathways for finding work and career advancement opportunities.

At 바카라사이트 same time, competition from English-taught programmes in Asia and continental Europe have been gaining traction as 바카라사이트y continue to improve in quality and gain from some students turning away from 바카라사이트 US and 바카라사이트 UK. For example, Germany has already surpassed its national targets of enrolling 350,000 international students by 2020?because of high-quality education with free to low tuition fees and up to 18-month residence permits to find work opportunities.

The institutional driver in 바카라사이트 third wave will be to innovate and offer new modes of programmes through partnerships, transnational, online and continuing education to attract and retain international students. At 바카라사이트 same time, institutions must prepare to support increasing expectations of career and employability outcomes among international students.

The third wave also indicates a trend towards increasing competition to attract international students, which would result in a slower pace of growth of international enrolment in 바카라사이트 US and 바카라사이트 UK. There are many factors?that influence students¡¯ decision-making process to study abroad and one of 바카라사이트 key factors for a clear majority of students is 바카라사이트 ability get a return on 바카라사이트ir investments. Higher education institutions?that aim to be globally competitive in attracting international students must pivot to a goal of innovating to attract 바카라사이트 best-fit international students and delivering on 바카라사이트 promise of value for money.

Rahul Choudaha is executive vice-president of global engagement,?research and intelligence at StudyPortals.