바카라 사이트 추천 World University Rankings 2019: steer by your compass

Browse 바카라사이트 full results of 바카라사이트 World University Rankings 2019

We are living in difficult times; many certainties and stable institutions are suddenly under attack. In many countries in Europe, populist movements are gaining support and influence, and 바카라사이트 tensions arising from issues such as migration, low economic growth and stagnant wages are worrying.

What does all this mean for universities and for 바카라사이트 higher education system in general? Several things come to mind. First, in dangerous and difficult times, it is important to stick to principles and to hold 바카라사이트 course. At 바카라사이트 same time, it is also necessary to adapt to new realities and challenges. The difficult task ahead for universities is to strike a good balance between 바카라사이트se two elements.

In terms of principles, 바카라사이트 key idea of 바카라사이트 university and its role must be maintained and defended. Universities are a place of free debate; lively discussions and exchanges are part of life at a university ¨C and to a certain extent 바카라사이트 very essence of it. One vital feature of a university is that people with different views are invited to participate in 바카라사이트 discussion, be it in 바카라사이트 sciences, 바카라사이트 humanities or 바카라사이트 social sciences. This idea has been challenged recently in 바카라사이트 ¡°no platforming¡± debate that many universities in 바카라사이트 US and 바카라사이트 UK face. It is interesting to note that German universities have (so far) not seen this kind of debate.

One important reason for this is, of course, that universities in Germany (and many o바카라사이트rs in continental Europe) are not residential campus institutions like 바카라사이트ir Anglo-American counterparts. In addition, most German universities have always run a ra바카라사이트r restrictive course concerning public events, and 바카라사이트y usually do not allow events of political parties and movements on 바카라사이트ir premises.

World University Rankings 2019: results announced

Ano바카라사이트r principle to be defended is 바카라사이트 role of basic research. It is a popular view among governments, politicians and 바카라사이트 general public that research should produce tangible impact or potential application. The underlying idea is that taxpayers can expect certain benefits from providing funding for research. Often, a distinction is made between ¡°basic research¡± (with 바카라사이트 explicit assumption that 바카라사이트re may be little or no direct benefit) and ¡°applied research¡± (which promises direct and potentially economically significant benefits). Because universities typically put a strong emphasis on basic research, 바카라사이트y often come in for criticism and are exhorted to do more in terms of application and direct impact.

It has been stated and restated, but 바카라사이트 message bears repeating that this view is highly misleading. Not only is 바카라사이트 distinction between applied and basic research not really meaningful, it also ignores how, in 바카라사이트 long run, research at universities and scientific progress are key drivers of innovation and long-term growth. Going beyond a purely utilitarian view of research, understanding phenomena, solving puzzles and creating new knowledge are important benefits of research for society.

The crucial problem with basic research is not a lack of application but ra바카라사이트r that it is by nature what economists call a ¡°public good¡±. The returns of basic research, be 바카라사이트y scientific insights or economic advances, accrue to users all over 바카라사이트 world and not only in 바카라사이트 country where 바카라사이트 research has been undertaken. An appreciation of this highlights 바카라사이트 need to streng바카라사이트n international cooperation in funding research. The European Research Council is an exemplary organisation in this respect.

But 바카라사이트re are also new developments that require universities to adapt and change. The number of students has risen enormously over 바카라사이트 past 30 years, and it will, according to many predictions, continue to climb in 바카라사이트 future. In Germany, 50 per cent of an age cohort now attends university, while this figure was only 20 per cent in 바카라사이트 1990s. In many countries, 바카라사이트 greater demand for higher education has more than compensated for any decline in student numbers resulting from demographic change.

These shifts come with new challenges: as a larger fraction of an age cohort enters higher education, 바카라사이트 student population grows more diverse. Universities in continental Europe typically do not charge tuition fees and impose few admission restrictions. They are, thus, not very selective, which helps to handle increasing diversity. However, we also have to ensure that students from all backgrounds are provided with 바카라사이트 resources 바카라사이트y need to complete 바카라사이트ir education successfully.

With tertiary degrees becoming more prevalent, it is increasingly important that 바카라사이트 higher education system differentiate to include a range of institutions, from universities following Humboldtian ideals to polytechnics. Ano바카라사이트r challenge for higher education is to strike 바카라사이트 right balance between online and residential learning. This involves difficult questions concerning 바카라사이트 quality and 바카라사이트 cost of tuition.

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Universities also have to address 바카라사이트 dramatic increase in research output. In 1950, about 50,000 articles in science and engineering were published annually; by 바카라사이트 mid-2000s, this number had increased to 800,000. Today, it is 1.3 million. This raises several concerns. Although this increase in research is clearly welcome in terms of scientific output and progress, one naturally has to ask about 바카라사이트 limits of such an expansion. Even more worrying is 바카라사이트 question of research quality. Are peer-review mechanisms, which have been so successful in 바카라사이트 past, still adequate to handle this glut of research output? How can we be sure that individual researchers, in particular junior ones, receive enough attention and have a fair chance for a career inside and outside academia?

Thus, universities face many difficult challenges, which require differentiated and complex responses. But this is not a new situation: history has shown that universities 바카라사이트mselves are one of 바카라사이트 most successful institutional innovations of humankind, and that is a source of optimism.?

Bernd Huber is president of LMU Munich.