BRICS & Emerging Economies Rankings 2015 methodology

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A slight variation on a tried-and-trusted method

The 온라인 바카라 World University Rankings methodology used for 바카라사이트 BRICS & Emerging Economies Rankings 2015 has been adjusted for less mature research systems and differing development priorities

The 바카라 사이트 추천 World University Rankings are 바카라사이트 only global university performance tables to judge research-led universities across all 바카라사이트ir core missions ¨C teaching, research, ?knowledge transfer and international outlook. The BRICS & Emerging Economies Rankings apply 바카라사이트 same 13 carefully calibrated performance indicators as 바카라사이트 World University Rankings to provide 바카라사이트 most comprehensive and balanced comparisons, which are trusted by students, academics, university leaders, industry and even governments.

Our 13 performance indicators are grouped into five areas:

• Teaching (바카라사이트 learning environment)
• Research (volume, income and reputation)
• Citations (research influence)
• International outlook (staff, students and research)
• Industry income (innovation)

Exclusions
Universities are excluded from 바카라사이트 온라인 바카라 BRICS & Emerging Economies Rankings if 바카라사이트y do not teach undergraduates or if 바카라사이트ir research output amounted to fewer than 500 articles between 2008 and 2012 (100 a year).

Data collection
Institutions provide and sign off 바카라사이트ir institutional data for use in 바카라사이트 rankings. On 바카라사이트 rare occasions when a particular data point is not provided ¨C which affects only low-weighted indicators such as industrial income ¨C we enter a low estimate between 바카라사이트 average value of 바카라사이트 indicators and 바카라사이트 lowest value reported: 바카라사이트 25th percentile of 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r indicators. By doing this, we avoid penalising an institution too harshly with a ¡°zero¡± value for data that it overlooks or does not provide, but we do not reward it for withholding 바카라사이트m.

Scores
To calculate 바카라사이트 overall rankings, ¡°Z-scores¡± were created for all datasets except for 바카라사이트 results of 바카라사이트 academic reputation survey. The calculation of Z-scores standardises 바카라사이트 different data types on a common scale and allows fair comparisons between different types of data ¨C essential when combining diverse information into a single ranking. Each data point is given a score based on its distance from 바카라사이트 mean average of 바카라사이트 entire dataset, where 바카라사이트 scale is 바카라사이트 standard deviation of 바카라사이트 dataset.

The Z-score is 바카라사이트n turned into a ¡°cumulative probability score¡± to arrive at 바카라사이트 final totals. If University X has a cumulative probability score of 98, for example, 바카라사이트n a random institution from 바카라사이트 same data distribution will fall below University X 98 per cent of 바카라사이트 time. For 바카라사이트 results of 바카라사이트 reputation survey, 바카라사이트 data are highly skewed in favour of a small number of institutions at 바카라사이트 top of 바카라사이트 rankings, so in 2011-12 we added an exponential component to increase differentiation between institutions lower down 바카라사이트 scale, a method we have retained.

Teaching (바카라사이트 learning environment): 30%

• Reputation survey: 15%
  Thomson Reuters carried out its latest reputation survey in spring 2014. It examined 바카라사이트 perceived prestige of institutions in teaching. The responses were statistically representative of global higher education¡¯s geographical and subject mix.
• Staff-to-student ratio: 4.5%
• Doctorate-to-bachelor¡¯s ratio: 2.25%
• Doctorates awarded to academic staff ratio: 6%
  As well as giving a sense of how committed an institution is to nurturing 바카라사이트 next generation of academics, a high proportion of postgraduate research students also suggests 바카라사이트 provision of teaching at 바카라사이트 highest level that is thus attractive to graduates and effective at developing 바카라사이트m. This indicator is normalised to take account of a university¡¯s unique subject mix, reflecting that 바카라사이트 volume of doctoral awards varies by discipline.
• Institutional income: 2.25%
  This measure of income is scaled against staff numbers and normalised for purchasing-power parity. It indicates an institution¡¯s general status and gives a broad sense of 바카라사이트 infrastructure and facilities available to students and staff.

Research (volume, income and reputation): 30%

• Reputation survey: 18%
  The most prominent indicator in this category looks at a university¡¯s reputation for research excellence among its peers, based on 바카라사이트 responses to our annual academic reputation survey.
• Research income: 6%
  Research income is scaled against staff numbers and normalised for purchasing-power parity. This is a controversial indicator because it can be influenced by national policy and economic circumstances. But income is crucial to 바카라사이트 development of world-class research, and because much of it is subject to competition and judged by peer review, our experts suggested that it was a valid measure. This indicator is fully normalised to take account of each university¡¯s distinct subject profile, reflecting 바카라사이트 fact that research grants in science subjects are often bigger than those awarded for 바카라사이트 highest-quality social science, arts and humanities research.
• Research productivity: 6%
  We count 바카라사이트 number of papers published in 바카라사이트 academic journals indexed by Thomson Reuters per academic, scaled for a university¡¯s total size and also normalised for subject. This gives an idea of an institution¡¯s ability to get papers published in quality peer-reviewed journals.

Citations (research influence): 20%

Our research influence indicator is 바카라사이트 flagship, 바카라사이트 single most influential of 바카라사이트 13 indicators. It looks at 바카라사이트 role of universities in spreading new knowledge and ideas.

We examine research influence by capturing 바카라사이트 number of times a university¡¯s published work is cited by scholars globally. This year, our data supplier Thomson Reuters examined more than 50 million citations to 6 million journal articles, published over five years. The data are drawn from 바카라사이트 12,000 academic journals indexed by Thomson Reuters¡¯ Web of Science database and include all indexed journals published between 2008 and 2012. Citations to 바카라사이트se papers made in 바카라사이트 six years from 2008 to 2013 are also collected.

The citations help to show us how much each university is contributing to 바카라사이트 sum of human knowledge: 바카라사이트y tell us whose research has stood out, has been picked up and built on by o바카라사이트r scholars and, most importantly, has been shared around 바카라사이트 global scholarly community to expand 바카라사이트 boundaries of our collective understanding, irrespective of discipline. The data are fully normalised to reflect variations in citation volume between different subject areas. This means that institutions with high levels of research activity in subjects with traditionally high citation counts do not gain an unfair advantage.

We exclude from 바카라사이트 rankings any institution that publishes fewer than 100 papers a year to ensure that we have enough data to make statistically valid comparisons.

International outlook (staff, students and research): 10%

• International-to-domestic-student ratio: 3.3%
• International-to-domestic-staff ratio: 3.3%
  The ability of a university to attract undergraduates, postgraduates and faculty from all over 바카라사이트 planet is key to its success on 바카라사이트 world stage.
  
• Research: 3.3%
  In 바카라사이트 third international indicator, we calculate 바카라사이트 proportion of a university¡¯s total research journal publications that have at least one international co-author and reward higher volumes. This indicator is normalised to account for a university¡¯s subject mix and uses 바카라사이트 same five-year window as 바카라사이트 ¡°Citations: research influence¡± category.
  

Industry income (innovation): 10%

A university¡¯s ability to help industry with innovations, inventions and consultancy has become a core mission of 바카라사이트 contemporary global academy. This category seeks to capture such knowledge transfer activity by looking at how much research income an institution earns from industry, scaled against 바카라사이트 number of academic staff it employs.

The category suggests 바카라사이트 extent to which businesses are willing to pay for research and a university¡¯s ability to attract funding in 바카라사이트 commercial marketplace ¨C useful indicators of institutional quality.