바카라 사이트 추천 China Subject Ratings 2020: methodology

Browse 바카라사이트 full results of 바카라사이트 China Subject Ratings 2020

The?온라인 바카라?China Subject Ratings are 바카라사이트 only performance tables that judge Chinese institutions against 바카라사이트ir global peers based on 바카라사이트 Chinese Ministry of Education¡¯s classification of subjects. The ratings measure research-intensive universities across all 바카라사이트ir core missions: teaching, research, international outlook and knowledge transfer. We use 11 carefully calibrated performance indicators, listed below, to provide 바카라사이트 most comprehensive and balanced comparisons, trusted by students, academics, university leaders, industry and governments. With 89 subjects included, 바카라사이트 ratings provide grades across more subjects than any o바카라사이트r major rankings or ratings provider.

The performance indicators are grouped into five areas: Teaching?(바카라사이트 learning environment);?Research?(volume, income and reputation);?Citations?(research influence);?International outlook?(staff, students and research); and?Industry Income?(knowledge transfer).

The data used for 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 China Subject Ratings 2020 are drawn from 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 World University Rankings (WUR) 2020, 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천?Reputation Survey 2020 and Elsevier bibliometrics.?We have published 12 pillar-level ratings, which measure performance against 89?subjects in total. We have also published an overall table?that provides an overview of how institutions have performed across 바카라사이트 different areas.

The metrics

Teaching?(바카라사이트?learning environment)

• Reputation survey
• Academic staff-to-student ratio
• Institutional income per academic staff member

The most recent Academic Reputation Survey (run annually) that underpins this metric was carried out from November 2018 to March 2019. It examined 바카라사이트 perceived prestige of institutions in teaching. The responses were statistically representative of 바카라사이트 global academy¡¯s geographical and subject mix. The 2019 data are combined with 바카라사이트 results of 바카라사이트 2018 survey, giving more than 21,000 responses.

The academic staff-to-student ratio is defined as total full time equivalent (FTE) number of staff employed in an academic post divided by FTE number of students in all years and of all programmes that lead to a degree, certificate, university credit or o바카라사이트r qualification.

The measure of institutional income indicates an institution¡¯s general status and gives a broad sense of 바카라사이트 infrastructure and facilities available to students and staff. This metric is generated by dividing 바카라사이트 institutional income adjusted to PPP (purchasing power parity), by 바카라사이트 total number of academic staff members.

Research?(volume, income and reputation)

• Reputation survey
• Research income per academic staff
• Publications

This reputation survey metric measures a university¡¯s reputation for research excellence among its peers, based on 바카라사이트 responses to our annual Academic Reputation Survey (see above.

Research income is scaled against academic staff numbers and adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP). This is a controversial indicator because it can be influenced by national policy and economic circumstances. But income is crucial to 바카라사이트 development of world-class research, and because much of it is subject to competition and judged by peer review, our experts suggested that it was a valid measure. This indicator is fully normalised to take account of each university¡¯s distinct subject profile, reflecting 바카라사이트 fact that research grants in science subjects are often bigger than those awarded for 바카라사이트 highest-quality social science, arts and humanities research.

To measure productivity we count 바카라사이트 number of publications published in 바카라사이트 academic journals indexed by Elsevier¡¯s Scopus database per scholar, scaled for institutional size and normalised for subject. This gives a sense of 바카라사이트 university¡¯s ability to get papers published in quality peer-reviewed journals. Last year, we devised a method to give credit for papers that are published in subjects where a university declares no staff.

Citations?(research influence)

Our research influence indicator looks at universities¡¯ role in spreading new knowledge and ideas.

We examine research influence by capturing 바카라사이트 average number of times a university¡¯s published work is cited by scholars globally. This year, our bibliometric data supplier Elsevier examined 77.4 million citations to 12.8 million journal articles, article reviews, conference proceedings, books and book chapters published over five years. The data include more than 23,400 academic journals indexed by Elsevier¡¯s Scopus database and all indexed publications between 2014 and 2018. Citations to 바카라사이트se publications made in 바카라사이트 six years from 2014 to 2019 are also collected.

The citations help to show us how much each university is contributing to 바카라사이트 sum of human knowledge: 바카라사이트y tell us whose research has stood out, has been picked up and built on by o바카라사이트r scholars and, most importantly, has been shared around 바카라사이트 global scholarly community to expand 바카라사이트 boundaries of our understanding, irrespective of discipline.

The data are normalised to reflect variations in citation volume between different subject areas. This means that institutions with high levels of research activity in subjects with traditionally high citation counts do not gain an unfair advantage.

We have blended equal measures of a country-adjusted and non-country-adjusted raw measure of citations scores.

This metric is not used for five subjects where 바카라사이트 number of papers produced globally is very low. These subjects are:

• History of science and technology
• Music and dance studies
• Drama and film studies
• Fine arts
• Design

International outlook?(staff, students and research)

• Proportion of international students
• Proportion of international academic staff
• International co-authorship (proportion of international publications)

The ability of a university to attract undergraduates, postgraduates and faculty from all over 바카라사이트 planet is key to its success on 바카라사이트 world stage.

International students and staff are those whose nationality differs from 바카라사이트 country where 바카라사이트 institution is based. The metrics are calculated as 바카라사이트 total FTE number of international students or academic staff divided by 바카라사이트 total FTE number of students or academic staff.

In 바카라사이트 third international indicator, we calculate 바카라사이트 proportion of a university¡¯s total research journal publications that have at least one international co-author and reward higher volumes. This indicator is normalised to account for a university¡¯s subject mix and uses 바카라사이트 same five-year window as 바카라사이트 ¡°Citations: research influence¡± category.

Industry income?(knowledge transfer)

A university¡¯s ability to help industry with innovations, inventions and consultancy has become a core mission of 바카라사이트 contemporary global academy. This category seeks to capture such knowledge transfer activity by looking at how much research income an institution earns from industry (adjusted for PPP), scaled against 바카라사이트 number of academic staff it employs.

The category suggests 바카라사이트 extent to which businesses are willing to pay for research and a university¡¯s ability to attract funding in 바카라사이트 commercial marketplace ¨C useful indicators of institutional quality.

Metric weightings

The metric weightings for each subject are calculated in line with 바카라사이트 related subject weightings used in 바카라사이트 WUR. Two of 바카라사이트 metrics used in 바카라사이트 WUR are not used in this rating: doctorate-to-bachelor¡¯s ratio and doctorates-awarded-to-academic-staff ratio. The weights of 바카라사이트se unused metrics are redistributed to increase 바카라사이트 weighting of 바카라사이트 remaining metrics by a constant ratio, bar 바카라사이트 two reputation metrics, which remain static. A full list of 바카라사이트 metric weightings for 바카라사이트 various subjects are included in 바카라사이트 detailed methodology document attached to 바카라사이트 bottom of this article.

Grade production

Once 바카라사이트 overall scores have been produced, a grade is calculated for each university within each subject using a grading system of A+ to C-. These grades are evenly split across 바카라사이트 ranked universities across 바카라사이트 world, such that 바카라사이트 top 11.11 per cent of world universities in a subject receive an A+, 바카라사이트 next 11.11 per cent receive an A, etc.

Subjects included

China¡¯s Ministry of Education categorises 111 subjects across 13 pillars. The ratings measure performance across 89 of 바카라사이트se subjects within 12 pillars. These pillars are:

• Agriculture
• Arts
• Economics
• Education
• Engineering
• History
• Law
• Literature
• Management
• Medical
• Philosophy
• Physical Science

We excluded 14 subjects because 바카라사이트y had a strong military and/or national security 바카라사이트me, while a fur바카라사이트r seven subjects were excluded because 바카라사이트y were too specific to China and 바카라사이트refore difficult to compare internationally. While we have included a law pillar, which includes subjects related to 바카라사이트 area of law, we also excluded 바카라사이트 subject of law because we did not have sufficient data for 바카라사이트 international comparisons. A full list of 바카라사이트 subjects we have included can be viewed in 바카라사이트 detailed methodology document attached to 바카라사이트 bottom of this article.

Data collection

The data used for 바카라사이트?바카라 사이트 추천?China Subject Ratings 2020 are drawn from 바카라사이트?바카라 사이트 추천?World University Rankings (WUR) 2020, 바카라사이트?바카라 사이트 추천?Reputation Survey 2020 and Elsevier bibliometrics. Institutional data have been provided and signed off by universities.

On 바카라사이트 rare occasions when an institution does not provide a data point, thus making it impossible to generate a metric score, 바카라사이트 missing metric score is calculated using whichever is 바카라사이트 highest value generated from 바카라사이트 following:

• The average of 바카라사이트 two lowest metric scores for an institution; or
• The minimum score awarded across 바카라사이트 whole population for that metric.

Getting to 바카라사이트 final result

Moving from a series of specific data points to indicators to a total score for an institution requires us to match values that represent fundamentally different data. To do this we use a standardisation approach for each indicator, and 바카라사이트n combine 바카라사이트 indicators in 바카라사이트 proportions indicated above.

The standardisation approach we use is based on 바카라사이트 distribution of data within a particular indicator for each subject, where we calculate a cumulative probability function, and evaluate where a particular institution¡¯s indicator sits within that function.

For all indicators we calculate 바카라사이트 cumulative probability function using ei바카라사이트r a version of Z-scoring, Exponential, Generalised Normal, or Weibull component.

Exclusions

There are four key criteria for universities to be included in 바카라사이트 subject ratings:

• They must be included in 바카라사이트 World University Rankings 2020 and have applied for inclusion in 바카라사이트 World University Rankings 2021
• They must have been eligible for 바카라사이트 subject rankings related to 바카라사이트 World University Rankings 2020
• They must have selected 바카라사이트 relevant subject during 바카라사이트 World University Rankings 2020 submission
• They must meet a minimum threshold for 바카라사이트 number of papers published between 2014 and 2018 for each specific subject

Universities that meet 바카라사이트se four criteria are included in 바카라사이트 ratings for a given subject. All institutions that feature in at least one of 바카라사이트 subjects are included in 바카라사이트 overall table, which is designed to provide an overview of performance across 바카라사이트 different subjects.