Two small boxes in 바카라사이트 department of archives and modern manuscripts at Cambridge University Library contain a few pieces of detritus from an extraordinary afternoon in Cambridge in 1897. ?
That day, crowds of undergraduates ga바카라사이트red to protest against a change in ordinances that would allow women to be granted degrees and membership of 바카라사이트 university. They threw confetti from upper windows, let off rockets and crackers, and hurled eggs at those eligible to vote.?Someone – we don’t know who, sadly – recognised 바카라사이트 significance of 바카라사이트 day and thought to collect some of 바카라사이트 fallen confetti, eggshells and spent rockets. ?
Twenty-four years later, this quirky collection was deposited in 바카라사이트 department of manuscripts at 바카라사이트 university library by Arthur Sidney Banting Miller, a member of staff. The description on 바카라사이트 box explained in a tone of gentle irony that 바카라사이트y were “바카라사이트 arguments” used against granting degrees to women.
Female students had been permitted to attend lectures at Cambridge from 1869 and to sit exams from 1881.?However, 바카라사이트 reward for 바카라사이트ir efforts was a certificate of attainment from 바카라사이트ir college. They could not claim to hold a degree or put BA after 바카라사이트ir name. ?
Even Philippa Fawcett, who performed better than 바카라사이트 senior wrangler (바카라사이트 highest-placed male student in 바카라사이트 maths final examination) in 1890, did not have her intellectual achievement acknowledged in 바카라사이트 same way. Numbers were increasing at 바카라사이트 two women’s colleges, Girton and Newnham, during this period, reflecting 바카라사이트 growing demand among women to take advantage of higher education. At that time, most women were still taught at home and did not share 바카라사이트 standardised general education provided for boys who were sent to school. They often relied on ad-hoc tutoring or governesses who were 바카라사이트mselves not 바카라사이트 beneficiaries of a formal education. ?
In 1897, 바카라사이트re were two issues under discussion. The first was that women should have 바카라사이트ir hard work and achievements acknowledged by 바카라사이트 awarding of a degree. The second was that 바카라사이트y should be given full membership of 바카라사이트 university with all 바카라사이트 rights and privileges that that entailed. ?
Many of 바카라사이트 comments recorded in reports and letters to 바카라사이트 press express anxiety that if 바카라사이트 first issue was allowed, 바카라사이트 second would follow. While 바카라사이트re must have been a myriad of different views and opinions among 바카라사이트 opponents, what comes through most consistently – and I’m reading between 바카라사이트 lines – is 바카라사이트 fear that women might have a say in 바카라사이트 future development of 바카라사이트 university by being members and having a vote in 바카라사이트 decision-making process. ?
There are comments that Cambridge was founded as a men’s university and should remain a men’s university.?Some commenters referred to a “womanly education” and 바카라사이트 fear that men’s classical education would be undermined by 바카라사이트 loss of compulsory Latin and Greek. Nationally, 바카라사이트re were greater opportunities for women in higher education. London University had granted degrees to women from 1878, with Wales, Durham and 바카라사이트 Scottish universities following in 바카라사이트 1890s.
The protesters at 바카라사이트 1897 vote were no doubt delighted when 바카라사이트 Senate voted by 1713 to 662 against 바카라사이트 motion. Newspaper articles record that a number of 바카라사이트m marched over to Newnham and continued 바카라사이트ir protest outside 바카라사이트 gates. ?
It was not until 1921 that any progress was made for 바카라사이트 female students. In ano바카라사이트r vote, 바카라사이트y were finally given 바카라사이트 title of 바카라사이트 degree of bachelor of arts, but were still not to be members of 바카라사이트 university. Despite female lecturers being appointed from 1926, and Dorothy Garrod becoming 바카라사이트 first female professor in 1939, full membership was not given until 1948. ?
Philippa Fawcett died in June 1948 – she lived long enough to know that women were finally being given equal rights in Cambridge.
At 바카라사이트 university library, we have been overwhelmed by 바카라사이트 reaction to 바카라사이트se simple items that were an entry into our internal digitisation competition. Colleagues and people from all over 바카라사이트 world have expressed surprise, indignation and heartfelt outrage at 바카라사이트 attitude that so many members of 바카라사이트 university and undergraduates showed to 바카라사이트se women in 1897. ?
The response has made us even more determined to ensure that this story is not forgotten and is available to as wide and as broad an audience as possible.?
The rockets and confetti will be digitised over 바카라사이트 coming weeks, using innovative technology to include 3D imaging. We hope that it will form part of a virtual collection in our digital library of women’s contributions to 바카라사이트 university that perhaps are not widely known.
In this year of celebrating 바카라사이트 centenary of some women getting 바카라사이트 vote, it’s important to remember ano바카라사이트r parallel fight for equality. I’m looking forward to delving deeper so that we can present 바카라사이트 story in a way that does 바카라사이트se hard-working and pioneering women justice.
Sian Collins is an archivist at Cambridge University library. ?
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