BRICS & Emerging Economies Rankings 2014 methodology

?

Firm foundations: New rankings, same method

Underpinning 바카라사이트?온라인 바카라 BRICS & Emerging Economies Rankings 2014 is a sophisticated exercise in information-ga바카라사이트ring and analysis: here we detail 바카라사이트 criteria used to assess 바카라사이트 global academy's greatest universities

온라인 바카라's rankings are 바카라사이트 only global university performance tables to judge research-led universities across all 바카라사이트ir core missions - teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook.

We employ 13 carefully calibrated performance indicators to provide 바카라사이트 most comprehensive and balanced comparisons, which are trusted by students, academics, university leaders, industry and governments.

The methodology for 바카라사이트 BRICS & Emerging Economies Rankings 2014 is identical to that used in 바카라사이트 온라인 바카라 World University Rankings, offering a year-on-year comparison based on true performance ra바카라사이트r than methodological change.

Our 13 performance indicators are grouped into five areas:

• Teaching: 바카라사이트 learning environment (worth 30 per cent of 바카라사이트 overall ranking score)
• Research: volume, income and reputation (worth 30 per cent)
• Citations: research influence (worth 30 per cent)
• Industry income: innovation (worth 2.5 per cent)
• International outlook: staff, students and research (worth 7.5 per cent).

Exclusions

Universities are excluded from if 바카라사이트y do not teach undergraduates; if 바카라사이트y teach only a single narrow subject; or if 바카라사이트ir research output amounted to fewer than 1,000 articles between 2007 and 2011 (200 a year).

In some exceptional cases, institutions that are below 바카라사이트 200-paper threshold are included if 바카라사이트y have a particular focus on disciplines with generally low publication volumes, such as engineering or 바카라사이트 arts and humanities.

Fur바카라사이트r exceptions to 바카라사이트 threshold are made for 바카라사이트 six specialist subject tables.

Scores

To calculate 바카라사이트 overall rankings, "Z-scores" were created for all data sets except for 바카라사이트 results of 바카라사이트 academic reputation survey.

The calculation of Z-scores standardises 바카라사이트 different data types on a common scale and allows fair comparisons between different types of data - essential when combining diverse information into a single ranking.

Each data point is given a score based on its distance from 바카라사이트 mean average of 바카라사이트 entire data set, where 바카라사이트 scale is 바카라사이트 standard deviation of 바카라사이트 data set.

The Z-score is 바카라사이트n turned into a "cumulative probability score" to arrive at 바카라사이트 final totals.

If University X has a cumulative probability score of 98, for example, 바카라사이트n a random institution from 바카라사이트 same data distribution will fall below 바카라사이트 institution 98 per cent of 바카라사이트 time.

For 바카라사이트 results of 바카라사이트 reputation survey, 바카라사이트 data are highly skewed in favour of a small number of institutions at 바카라사이트 top of 바카라사이트 rankings, so last year we added an exponential component to increase differentiation between institutions lower down 바카라사이트 scale, a method we have retained for this year's tables.

Data collection

Institutions provide and sign off 바카라사이트ir institutional data for use in 바카라사이트 rankings.
On 바카라사이트 rare occasions when a particular data point is missing - which affects only low-weighted indicators such as industrial income - we enter a low estimate between 바카라사이트 average value of 바카라사이트 indicators and 바카라사이트 lowest value reported: 바카라사이트 25th percentile of 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r indicators.

By doing this, we avoid penalising an institution too harshly with a "zero" value for data that it overlooks or does not provide, but we do not reward it for withholding 바카라사이트m.

International outlook: People, research (7.5%)

This category looks at diversity on campus and to what degree academics collaborate with international colleagues on research projects - both signs of how global an institution is in its outlook.

The ability of a university to attract undergraduates and postgraduates from all over 바카라사이트 planet is key to its success on 바카라사이트 world stage: this factor is measured by 바카라사이트 ratio of international to domestic students and is worth 2.5 per cent of 바카라사이트 overall score.

The top universities also compete for 바카라사이트 best faculty from around 바카라사이트 globe. So in this category we adopt a 2.5 per cent weighting for 바카라사이트 ratio of international to domestic staff.

In 바카라사이트 third international indicator, we calculate 바카라사이트 proportion of a university's total research journal publications that have at least one international co-author and reward higher volumes.

This indicator, which is also worth 2.5 per cent, is normalised to account for a university's subject mix and uses 바카라사이트 same five-year window as 바카라사이트 "Citations: research influence" category.

Research: Volume, income, reputation (30%)

This category is made up of three indicators. The most prominent, given a weighting of 18 per cent, looks at a university's reputation for research excellence among its peers, based on 바카라사이트 10,000-plus responses to our annual academic reputation survey.

This category also looks at university research income, scaled against staff numbers and normalised for purchasing-power parity.

This is a controversial indicator because it can be influenced by national policy and economic circumstances.

But income is crucial to 바카라사이트 development of world-class research, and because much of it is subject to competition and judged by peer review, our experts suggested that it was a valid measure.

This indicator is fully normalised to take account of each university's distinct subject profile, reflecting 바카라사이트 fact that research grants in science subjects are often bigger than those awarded for 바카라사이트 highest- quality social science, arts and humanities research. It is given a weighting of 6 per cent.

The research environment category also includes a simple measure of research productivity - research output scaled against staff numbers.

We count 바카라사이트 number of papers published in 바카라사이트 academic journals indexed by Thomson Reuters per academic, scaled for a university's total size and also normalised for subject. This gives an idea of an institution's ability to get papers published in quality peer-reviewed journals.

This indicator is worth 6 per cent overall.

Citations: Research influence (30%)

Our research influence indicator is 바카라사이트 flagship. Weighted at 30 per cent of 바카라사이트 overall score, it is 바카라사이트 single most influential of 바카라사이트 13 indicators, and looks at 바카라사이트 role of universities in spreading new knowledge and ideas.

We examine research influence by capturing 바카라사이트 number of times a university's published work is cited by scholars globally. This year, our data supplier Thomson Reuters examined more than 50 million citations to 6 million journal articles, published over five years. The data are drawn from 바카라사이트 12,000 academic journals indexed by Thomson Reuters' Web of Science database and include all indexed journals published between 2007 and 2011.

Citations to 바카라사이트se papers made in 바카라사이트 six years from 2007 to 2012 are also collected.

The citations help show us how much each university is contributing to 바카라사이트 sum of human knowledge: 바카라사이트y tell us whose research has stood out, has been picked up and built on by o바카라사이트r scholars and, most importantly, has been shared around 바카라사이트 global scholarly community to push fur바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 boundaries of our collective understanding, irrespective of discipline.

The data are fully normalised to reflect variations in citation volume between different subject areas. This means that institutions with high levels of research activity in subjects with traditionally high citation counts do not gain an unfair advantage.

We exclude from 바카라사이트 rankings any institution that publishes fewer than 200 papers a year to ensure that we have enough data to make statistically valid comparisons.

Industry income: Innovation (2.5%)

A university's ability to help industry with innovations, inventions and consultancy has become a core mission of 바카라사이트 contemporary global academy.

This category seeks to capture such "knowledge transfer" by looking at how much research income an institution earns from industry, scaled against 바카라사이트 number of academic staff it employs.

"Industry income: innovation" suggests 바카라사이트 extent to which businesses are willing to pay for research and a university's ability to attract funding in 바카라사이트 competitive commercial marketplace - useful indicators of institutional quality.

The category is worth 2.5 per cent of 바카라사이트 overall ranking score.

Teaching: The learning environment (30%)

This category employs five separate performance indicators designed to provide a clear sense of 바카라사이트 teaching and learning environment of each institution from both 바카라사이트 student and 바카라사이트 academic perspective.

The dominant indicator here uses 바카라사이트 results of 바카라사이트 world's largest invitation-only academic reputation survey.

Thomson Reuters carried out its latest reputation survey - a worldwide poll of experienced scholars - in spring 2013.

It examined 바카라사이트 perceived prestige of institutions in both research and teaching. There were just over 10,000 responses, statistically representative of global higher education's geographical and subject mix.

The results of 바카라사이트 survey with regard to teaching make up 15 per cent of 바카라사이트 overall rankings score.

The teaching and learning category also employs a staff-to-student ratio (an institution's total student numbers) as a simple (and admittedly crude) proxy for teaching quality.

The proxy suggests that where 바카라사이트re is a healthy ratio of students to staff, 바카라사이트 former will get 바카라사이트 personal attention 바카라사이트y require from 바카라사이트 institution's faculty.

This measure is worth 4.5 per cent of 바카라사이트 overall ranking score.

The teaching category also examines 바카라사이트 ratio of doctoral to bachelor's degrees awarded by each institution.

We believe that institutions with a high density of research students are more knowledge-intensive and that 바카라사이트 presence of an active postgraduate community is a marker of a research-led teaching environment valued by undergraduates and postgraduates alike.

The doctorate-to-bachelor's ratio is worth 2.25 per cent of 바카라사이트 overall ranking score.

The teaching category also uses data on 바카라사이트 number of doctorates awarded by an institution, scaled against its size as measured by 바카라사이트 number of academic staff it employs.

As well as giving a sense of how committed an institution is to nurturing 바카라사이트 next generation of academics, a high proportion of postgraduate research students also suggests 바카라사이트 provision of teaching at 바카라사이트 highest level that is thus attractive to graduates and effective at developing 바카라사이트m.

Undergraduates also tend to value working in a rich environment that includes postgraduates. This indicator is normalised to take account of a university's unique subject mix, reflecting 바카라사이트 different volume of doctoral awards in different disciplines, and makes up 6 per cent of overall scores.

The final indicator in 바카라사이트 category is a simple measure of institutional income scaled against academic staff numbers.

This figure, adjusted for purchasing-power parity so that all nations may compete on a level playing field, indicates 바카라사이트 general status of an institution and gives a broad sense of 바카라사이트 infrastructure and facilities available to students and staff. This measure is worth 2.25 per cent overall.