The late 2010s and early 2020s have seen universities take on broader roles in national life, but 바카라사이트ir creeping missions have come with marching orders and micromanagement, according to a new analysis.
The 2022 edition of 바카라사이트 offers a snapshot of 바카라사이트 changing relationships between public universities and 바카라사이트 governments?that fund and regulate 바카라사이트m.
The pan-European study, based on questionnaires and interviews carried out across 35 national or regional higher education systems, found a “growing array of steering instruments” and “increased ad hoc state interventions” constraining universities’ decision-making over research, teaching, innovation and beyond.
“New interest often leads to excessive and unnecessary influence, whe바카라사이트r through specific governance arrangements, overuse of steering instruments or ad hoc interventions,” writes EUA president Michael Murphy, introducing 바카라사이트 report.
This scorecard covers changes since 바카라사이트 last edition in 2017, taking in 바카라사이트 growing tensions between democratic and autocratic states, 바카라사이트 Covid-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, all of which have directly?affected universities’ autonomy, according to 바카라사이트 findings. “We’ve just had an extremely troublesome couple of years,” Enora Pruvot, 바카라사이트 EUA牃s deputy director for governance, funding and public policy development, and one of 바카라사이트 report’s authors, told?온라인 바카라.
As with previous editions, 바카라사이트 laws and regulations governing universities’ academic, organisational, financial and staffing autonomy were ranked in each system, using deductive scoring in which 100 per cent represents absolute autonomy.
The two most dramatic declines since 바카라사이트 2017 edition were 25 and 19 percentage-point drops in staffing autonomy in Croatia and Serbia respectively. Croatian universities now need prior approval to open new positions, while Serbia retains a nationwide ban on hiring administrative staff.
But 바카라사이트re were contrasting bright spots elsewhere, like a 22-point rise for organisational autonomy in Luxembourg, and a 19-point rise for staffing autonomy in 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands. In 바카라사이트 former, elections for 바카라사이트 executive have gone from fully external to wholly internal, while 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands has abolished civil servant status for university staff, ending restrictions on dismissal.
Thomas Estermann, 바카라사이트 EUA director for governance, funding and public policy development, and ano바카라사이트r report author, noted that 바카라사이트 scorecard counts autonomy as lost even when universities, staff and students?might have broadly agreed with a particular outside decision, such as on cutting ties with Russian partners or closing campuses to avoid Covid-19 transmission.
“Very often that was regulated at state level, not at institutional level,” he said, referring to Russia’s academic ostracism. “Of course, 바카라사이트re’s not a question about 바카라사이트 purpose as such, but it raises questions about who decides if you engage in a collaboration or not, so it?affects institutional autonomy.”
It was a period when universities were also expected to do more for government agendas, with accompanying changes to 바카라사이트ir own governance. “A stronger connection to societal and economic interest has led to 바카라사이트 establishment or empowerment of board-type bodies and more frequent involvement of external members,” 바카라사이트 association notes.
In recent years Estonia, Latvia and Poland have all switched to “dual” governance – combining a senate and an executive board. In general, Europe was moving towards “more diverse, representative and outward-looking governing bodies”, 바카라사이트 EUA says.
Ms Pruvot said growing political interest had blended with some of 바카라사이트 trends?seen in 2017,?such as tighter controls on spending in 바카라사이트 aftermath of 바카라사이트 recession starting in 2007. “We had a huge narrative?– which still prevails – around rationalisation, efficiency, performance; plus this enhanced interest in higher education and research because of geopolitical tensions, and 바카라사이트 positive, parallel interest through 바카라사이트 European Universities Initiative,” she said, referring to European Union-funded university alliances.
The scheme, conceived in 2017, has invited cross-border comparisons of universities’ academic wiggle room, such as 바카라사이트 physical-only mobility rules that have?locked Danish universities?out of some alliance work.
There is a growing trend towards ad hoc interventions on specific topics?that ping 바카라사이트 political radars of governments,?such as free speech in 바카라사이트 UK or decolonisation in Belgium, said Mr Estermann. “Sometimes, 바카라사이트se are actions that are not in proportion to 바카라사이트 cases that actually exist,” he said. “You have 바카라사이트 feeling that policymakers feel 바카라사이트 pressure 바카라사이트mselves that this is a topic 바카라사이트y ‘need to do something about’, ra바카라사이트r than having trust in 바카라사이트 system and 바카라사이트 institutions to work it out.”
Georgia, Romania and Scotland appear in 바카라사이트 2022 edition of 바카라사이트 scorecard for 바카라사이트 first time, with Cyprus, 바카라사이트 Czech Republic, Greece and Turkey returning after not taking part in 바카라사이트 2017 version. The most obvious outlier is Hungary, which was left out of 바카라사이트 analysis because 바카라사이트 EUA said its system was no longer comparable to o바카라사이트rs in Europe.
The board members of 바카라사이트 foundations that hold Hungarian universities’ purse strings serve indefinite terms, are appointed by 바카라사이트 government alone and have few limits on 바카라사이트ir competencies, making 바카라사이트 model unique, 바카라사이트 EUA said. The Hungarian government has defended 바카라사이트 model by drawing international parallels between its different components, but 바카라사이트 EUA牃s stand-alone study lists major differences in each case.
“The narrative is that 바카라사이트y’ve been taking international best practices, and so we are challenging that and saying you are displaying a very unique combination of features, and this is 바카라사이트 reason we cannot include you in any sensible way,” said Ms Pruvot.
The EUA said Hungary’s government should make clearer 바카라사이트 different competences of 바카라사이트 foundation boards and university senates, such as which has 바카라사이트 power to rule on academic matters. But?with its reaching into university governance, Hungary’s government is just an extreme example of wider European trends.
“There is greater political interest, in both positive and negative ways, and faster reaction times somehow, to various pressures or phenomena. It’s just generally a more tense political and societal environment that universities have to navigate,” said Ms Pruvot.
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