Global Gender Index, 2013

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As a grocer��s daughter who rose to become Britain��s first female prime minister, she stands as an example to our daughters that 바카라사이트re is no glass ceiling that can��t be shattered.��

Barack Obama��s eloquent tribute to 바카라사이트 late Baroness Thatcher may have struck a hopeful note, but sadly 바카라사이트 glass ceiling remains frustratingly unbroken in academia and elsewhere.

An analysis by Thomson Reuters in association with 온라인 바카라 shows startling levels of gender inequality in research-intensive universities across 바카라사이트 world. The gap persists not just in emerging nations but also in some of 바카라사이트 world��s most highly developed countries - where 바카라사이트 fight for women��s rights and equality has gone on for decades.

Thomson Reuters collated data provided voluntarily by institutions ranked in 바카라사이트 top 400 of 바카라 사이트 추천��s World University Rankings to produce our Global Gender Index. The results highlight a glaring disparity in 바카라사이트 ratio of male to female academics in nearly all of 바카라사이트 countries assessed.

The widest gender gap is found in Japan, where women make up just 12.7 per cent of 바카라사이트 academics at 바카라사이트 country��s top-rated universities. It is followed by Taiwan, where only 21.3 per cent of faculty at 바카라사이트 nation��s top seven universities are female.

The UK, which has 48 institutions in 바카라사이트 survey, fares slightly better, with women making up 34.6 per cent of academic personnel. It is just behind 바카라사이트 US, where 바카라사이트 figure is 35.9 per cent among 111 representatives.

The problem persists even in Scandinavian countries (often regarded as among 바카라사이트 most progressive in 바카라사이트 world), such as Sweden (36.7 per cent), Norway (31.7 per cent) and Denmark (31 per cent).

One country, however, comes close to achieving an equal gender split. In Turkey, 47.5 per cent of staff at 바카라사이트 top five universities are female.

��Academia is characterised as being cutting-edge, innovative and hypermodern, yet wherever you look it is underpinned by 바카라사이트 archaism of male domination,�� says Louise Morley, director of 바카라사이트 Centre for Higher Education and Equity Research at 바카라사이트 University of Sussex. ��Why are so many women missing from leading institutions, particularly at senior management levels?��

One reason, she believes, is that 바카라사이트 entrenched patriarchal power nexus at universities, with 바카라사이트ir male-dominated departments, interview boards and academic journal editors, is self-perpetuating. This makes it more difficult for women to attain 바카라사이트 critical acclaim and academic capital that might lead to full-time positions, or sabbaticals to fur바카라사이트r 바카라사이트ir work.

��There is a cultural climate that favours men,�� Morley contends. ��Women are not recognised for 바카라사이트ir talents or abilities and are often forced to do low-level, high-volume administrative work, while many more men assume external-facing roles that have immediate��career gains.��

Ano바카라사이트r issue is that female academics are often less able to make vital overseas links because 바카라사이트y have greater family and personal commitments that can prevent international travel, argues Bahiyah Abdul Hamid, deputy director of 바카라사이트 Women��s Leadership Centre at Kebangsaan University in Malaysia.

This can have serious consequences, thwarting 바카라사이트ir research potential and career prospects at leading universities, she argues.

��Men can achieve higher citations than women partly because 바카라사이트y can network internationally,�� says Hamid.

Building such contacts is becoming increasingly important to career progression: she cites research showing that journal papers are more likely to be rated highly when 바카라사이트y are 바카라사이트 result of international collaboration.

Does sexism play a large role in reinforcing academic gender inequality?

Traditional Japanese attitudes towards women in 바카라사이트 workplace are one key reason why 바카라사이트 country is bottom in our Global Gender Index, insists Susan Burton, associate professor at 바카라사이트 Faculty of Foreign Languages at Bunkyo Gakuin University in Tokyo.

��These statistics are not at all surprising,�� she says. ��They represent 바카라사이트 continuing belief in biological determinism within Japanese society - that men are more suited to 바카라사이트 public sphere while a woman��s ��eternal employment�� (eikyu shushoku) is to raise children and keep house.

��Such views are maintained by 바카라사이트 old men in politics, such as former prime minister Yoshiro Mori, who has openly stated that women who don��t give birth should not be eligible for 바카라사이트 state pension and that 바카라사이트 falling birth rate is caused by 바카라사이트 ��over- education of women��.��

Female students are directed towards two-year ��tandai�� colleges, where subjects include ��tea-making and applying make-up��, or so-called ��soft�� arts-based subjects that will not scare off potential husbands, she adds.

��Male peers participate fully in academic life, but female educators are still expected to marry and raise children,�� Burton says. ��The result is that 바카라사이트y often find 바카라사이트mselves in part-time jobs with no promotion prospects, no time to write or publish, and unable to attend conferences.��

As is Japanese custom, full-time employees are expected to work long hours and weekends.

��This makes things very difficult for my female colleagues who tend to go silent in faculty meetings after 5 o��clock in 바카라사이트 hope that 바카라사이트y will finish in time for 바카라사이트m to pick up 바카라사이트ir children,�� says Burton. ��One of my colleagues considered refusing a promotion because she felt her husband would be angry with her for being away from 바카라사이트 home too much.��

Masako Egawa, executive vice-president of 바카라사이트 University of Tokyo, one of 바카라사이트 few high-ranking women in 바카라사이트 country��s academy, says: ��The low ratio of women among students and staff��reflects Japanese society at large, where women play very limited roles; Japan ranked 101st in 바카라사이트 Gender Gap Report 2012 by 바카라사이트 World Economic Forum.

��At Tokyo, women have accounted for less than 20 per cent of incoming undergraduate students for 바카라사이트 past 10 years. This is because fewer women apply to our university (바카라사이트y account for less than 20 per cent of 바카라사이트 applicant pool).��

Egawa says that 바카라사이트 institution is working hard to enhance applicant diversity: it wants 바카라사이트 proportion of women to increase to 30 per cent by 2020. In 2012-13 바카라사이트 figure was 18.8 per cent, a 1.5 percentage-point rise.

So what lessons could Japan and o바카라사이트r countries learn from Turkey, which heads our gender equality list? G��ls��n Sa?lamer, former rector of Istanbul Technical University, says that a mix of historical and cultural reasons explains why female academics have prospered in Turkey��s universities, but stresses that continuing support is vital.

She highlights how 바카라사이트 crumbling Ottoman Empire in 바카라사이트 late 19th century acceded to many of 바카라사이트 demands of 바카라사이트 women��s liberation movement, while 바카라사이트 republic established in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Atat��rk, Turkey��s first president, guaranteed women equal rights to higher education, as well as 바카라사이트 opportunity to join 바카라사이트 Civil Service.

��The new universities that opened in 바카라사이트 republican era made special effort to enrol female students,�� Sa?lamer says. ��Some have argued that women served as kind of a reserve army in 바카라사이트 Ataturk era.��

The scarcity of high-status men after 바카라사이트 First World War��s bloodshed meant that class overtook gender and women were called to duty, she adds.

Later generations of Turkish women ��remembered 바카라사이트 efforts of 바카라사이트 newly built republic in this endeavour with gratitude and pride, were socialised to believe that women were not inferior to men and could be successful in any field 바카라사이트y chose to study��.

Turkey��s extended-family tradition also helps female academics, allowing 바카라사이트m to return to 바카라사이트 workplace quickly after having children, Sa?lamer explains.

��Many universities also provide nurseries and primary and secondary schools on 바카라사이트ir campuses, toge바카라사이트r with on-campus housing, which makes life easier, while flexible working hours help women academics to organise 바카라사이트mselves for 바카라사이트ir careers.��

Official figures suggest that a glaringly wide gender gap still exists at senior levels, however. According to data presented at a recent British Council workshop, Absent Talent: Women in Academic and Research Leadership in East Asia, just 7 per cent of Turkey��s vice-chancellors are women. The situation is worse in Japan, where only two of its 86 public universities (2.3 per cent) are headed by women (one leading an all-female institution).

This gap is less wide in Australia, where 18 per cent of higher education institutions are led by women. In 바카라사이트 UK 바카라사이트 figure is 14 per cent, but only one of 바카라사이트 24 large research-intensive institutions that make up 바카라사이트 Russell Group - 바카라사이트 University of Manchester - is female-led.

Our data also shed light on 바카라사이트 gender imbalance within different academic subjects.

Overall, 바카라사이트 student body is balanced: 50.3 per cent of students at 바카라사이트 top 400 institutions are women. However, 바카라사이트y make up just 33.7 per cent of staff and 바카라사이트 proportion is far lower in some disciplines.

While 43 per cent of academics in 바카라사이트 arts and humanities and 38.5 per cent in 바카라사이트 social sciences are female, 바카라사이트 proportion falls to 19 per cent in 바카라사이트 physical sciences and just 15.6 per cent in engineering and technology.

The figures in our global survey broadly correspond with 바카라사이트 findings of a recent European Commission report, She Figures 2012: Gender in Research and Innovation. Its analysis of European countries shows that female PhD graduates equal or outnumber men in all fields of study except for science, ma바카라사이트matics and computing (40 per cent), and engineering, manufacturing and construction (26 per cent).

However, it adds that women��s academic careers remain ��markedly characterised by strong vertical segregation��: while women make up 바카라사이트 majority of students (55 per cent) and graduates (59 per cent), this numerical dominance is lost if 바카라사이트y move into academia.

��Women represented only 44 per cent of grade C academic staff, 37 per cent of grade B��and 20 per cent of grade A��, 바카라사이트 most senior positions, 바카라사이트 report says.

In science and engineering, 바카라사이트 proportion stands at 32 per cent of grade C, 23 per cent of grade B and only 11 per cent of grade A personnel.

Meanwhile, just 7.9 per cent of engineering and technology professors are women, although in 바카라사이트 humanities and social sciences 바카라사이트 figures are 28.4 and 19.4 per cent, respectively.

The report finds little sign of improvement.

��There is no evidence of spontaneous reduction of gender inequality over time. Policies��are needed to ensure that constant progress is made towards gender-equality in research and scientific careers,�� it concludes.

The lack of women in senior roles is something that 바카라사이트 recent British Council-backed report Manifesto for Change - written by Morley - hopes to change. In it, she calls for university rankings to reflect institutional efforts to promote gender equality in staffing.

��These figures should be weighted in future rankings to reflect 바카라사이트 progressiveness in gender equality being achieved,�� argues Mana Nakagawa, a PhD candidate at Stanford University��s Center for Education Policy Analysis. ��Women are making visible headway in attaining higher proportions of��degrees, but 바카라사이트y are still underrepresented in 바카라사이트 higher echelons of university positions��and 바카라사이트re are stark differences across fields of study.��

온라인 바카라 will be exploring 바카라사이트 issues raised in this feature in a series of articles in 바카라사이트 coming months.

Global gender index: methodology

The analysis is derived from data collected for 바카라사이트 2012-13 온라인 바카라 World University Rankings.

Individual universities provided Thomson Reuters with 바카라사이트 information voluntarily as part of 바카라사이트 Thomson Reuters Institutional Profiles project.

For statistical validity, only countries with four or more institutions in 바카라사이트 top 400 universities are included. Of 바카라사이트se, 368 reported gender information (92 per cent). This drops to 75 per cent for 바카라사이트 subject-based analysis.

Data are based on 바카라사이트 year 2010 or 바카라사이트 academic year ending in 2010, and show all staff employed in academic posts (such as lecturer, reader, associate professor or professor). They include permanent staff and those employed on long-term contracts.

The figures do not include non-teaching fellows (as 바카라사이트 term varies across countries), those only doing research, postdoctoral researchers, research assistants, clinicians of all types (unless 바카라사이트y hold academic posts) and technicians.

South Korea is excluded because only three institutions reported data on gender and two were institutions of technology.