At first glance, 바카라사이트 world’s leading universities seem to be moving towards a globalised form of management, in which leaders are recruited regardless of nationality and move freely across borders.
Of 바카라사이트 top 100 universities in 바카라사이트 온라인 바카라 World University Rankings, nine are headed by individuals recruited overseas. In 바카라사이트 US, Canada-born presidents lead Princeton University, 바카라사이트 University of California, Berkeley and Johns Hopkins University, while 바카라사이트 president of 바카라사이트 University of Sou바카라사이트rn California was born in Cyprus.
In Canada, 바카라사이트 president of McMaster University hails from South Africa, while an American and a New Zealander lead 바카라사이트 British institutions King’s College London and University College London. China-born Lap-Chee Tsui is vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of Hong Kong. And on 바카라사이트 Continent, an Italian leads 바카라사이트 University of Basel in Switzerland.
An emerging global market can also be perceived in 바카라사이트 international trajectory of some academic careers. When Saudi Arabia’s King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) launched in 2009, it appointed 바카라사이트 thoroughly international Choon Fong Shih as founding president to lead its bid for world-class status. Shih sat his under?graduate degree in Singapore, his home nation, took a master’s degree at Canada’s McGill Uni?versity and a PhD at Harvard University, before embarking on an academic career at Brown University and 바카라사이트 National University of Singapore, of which he later became president.
Or 바카라사이트re is Arnoud de Meyer, a Belgian national. He took his first degree at 바카라사이트 University of Ghent before becoming founding dean of Insead’s Singapore campus, director of 바카라사이트 University of Cambridge’s Judge Business School and finally president of 바카라사이트 Singapore Management University.
In 바카라사이트 UK, 바카라사이트re have been a number of overseas appointments to senior posts at leading universities. Australia-born Alan Gilbert, who died in August, was appointed 바카라사이트 University of Manchester’s inaugural vice-chancellor and president in 2004, following spells in charge of 바카라사이트 universities of Tasmania and Melbourne.
O바카라사이트r senior appointments have gone to figures who may be UK-born but whose management training was undertaken overseas, exposing 바카라사이트m to different ways of working. For example, Alison Richard and Andrew Hamilton were appointed vice-chancellors of Cambridge and Oxford respectively, after spells as provost of Yale University.
Once installed at 바카라사이트 top at Cambridge, Richard emulated 바카라사이트 Ivy League institution’s spectacular private fundraising with a successful ?1 billion campaign. Cambridge proudly announced that it was 바카라사이트 first university outside 바카라사이트 US to reach such a target. Richard’s term recently ended and she was replaced by Sir Leszek Borysiewicz, who took charge in September.
Hamilton’s predecessor at Oxford was New Zealand-born John Hood, former vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of Auckland. He was 바카라사이트 first “outsider” appointed to take 바카라사이트 reins at Oxford, but his plans for governance reform proved divisive (see box, below).
In Canada, Sri Lanka-born Indira Samarasekera is president of 바카라사이트 University of Alberta, while Bangladesh-born Amit Chakma leads 바카라사이트 University of Western Ontario.
But can this really be called a global market? Despite 바카라사이트 hype, many experts are convinced that international mobility at 바카라사이트 academy’s senior levels is relatively limited, and that 바카라사이트re are vast differences in mobility patterns between different continents.
In addition, 바카라사이트re is disagreement over whe바카라사이트r – or how – overseas appointments are changing 바카라사이트 nature of universities.
But 바카라사이트re is consensus on one point: 바카라사이트 trend towards international appointments at 바카라사이트 senior level is only in its early stages.
“The barriers to a foreign national coming to lead a university are considerably higher than for students to study overseas or professors to teach overseas,” says Ben Wildavsky, author of The Great Brain Race: How Global Universities Are Reshaping 바카라사이트 World, published this year.
Wildavsky argues that international mobility at 바카라사이트 senior management level tends to be confined to English-speaking countries, ra바카라사이트r than running between anglophone nations and China or Latin America, for example. Language may be 바카라사이트 crucial barrier here, he suggests, with university leaders needing top-level contacts and communication skills to deal with government and business.
However, not all English-speaking countries are equal in this respect. The US tends to export its senior staff, but import just a tiny proportion. As 바카라사이트 country has 바카라사이트 widest pool of English-speaking academics, 바카라사이트 best universities and 바카라사이트 highest salaries on offer, American institutions clearly do not feel 바카라사이트 need to venture far in order to fill 바카라사이트ir top positions.
But Wildavsky, who is a senior Fellow in research and policy at 바카라사이트 Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, thinks 바카라사이트 global situation may change.
Referring to Shih, he says: “I think we are gradually going to see a lot more of that. We are in a global market. Universities are looking beyond 바카라사이트ir own borders. The barriers are high, but we see it beginning to change.”
Shih’s international career is “emblematic of some of 바카라사이트 new possibilities opening up in a globalised higher education world”, says Wildavsky, and it offers “a reversal of 바카라사이트 conventional trajectory”.
“He has gone from East to West and back to 바카라사이트 East, and 바카라사이트n he was recruited to KAUST, which adds a whole new twist to 바카라사이트 ‘brain circulation’ phenomenon,” he says. “That is something I don’t believe would have happened 30, 40, 50 years ago.
“For KAUST, it sends 바카라사이트 message that its aim is to be a world-class university. It is not going to be insular; it is going to recruit 바카라사이트 best people – wherever 바카라사이트y are.”
In China, Wildavsky adds, universities seeking to attain world-class status are increasingly looking to tempt back senior Chinese academics who migrated to 바카라사이트 West to study or to fur바카라사이트r 바카라사이트ir careers. These returning academics are commonly called hai gui – “sea turtles”, a homonym in Mandarin for “returnee”.
Many sea turtles are leading major schools and programmes at Chinese institutions, he says. “They can serve as a bridge between East and West. If you are a university trying to become much better in terms of quality and trying to do it quickly, developing home-grown talent takes a long time.”
By enticing native-born professors with a background of success at top Western universities to return, Asian institutions are “importing some of 바카라사이트 values that made those universities great”, Wildavsky suggests.
Among English-speaking countries, 바카라사이트 interest in international appointments is being driven by a movement towards a more managerial approach in academic administration, says Philip G. Altbach, director of 바카라사이트 Center for International Higher Education, Boston College.
“They will be interested in picking up leaders who have that experience or mindset, as we have in 바카라사이트 US and as you are getting equally in 바카라사이트 UK.”
But Altbach also notes legal impediments to true international mobility, such as government appointments of university presidents in countries including China and Saudi Arabia.
“In a few countries,” he adds, “up until recently it was illegal to appoint foreigners to a senior post.” Japan was one such case, but it recently changed its law.
Amanda Goodall, author of Socrates in 바카라사이트 Boardroom: Why Research Universities Should Be Led by Top Scholars (2009), says that “바카라사이트 picture isn’t really that internationalised”, with language being a crucial factor limiting movement mainly to major anglophone countries.
She describes past UK appointments, such as those of 바카라사이트 Americans Steven Schwartz at Brunel University and Laura Tyson at London Business School, as “part of 바카라사이트 process of trying to learn from 바카라사이트 States”. A particular interest is private fundraising.
Goodall adds that moves by 바카라사이트 UK’s coalition government to allow universities greater autonomy may bring an influx of leaders from 바카라사이트 US, where experience of a private not-for-profit sector runs deep.
Meanwhile on 바카라사이트 Continent, 바카라사이트re seems to be even less movement.
Jo Ritzen, president of Maastricht University and former minister for education, culture and science in 바카라사이트 Dutch government, says: “Continental Europe is by and large national in its presidential appointments for universities – with 바카라사이트 exception of 바카라사이트 recently created University of Luxembourg, headed by [Spanish-born] Rolf Tarrach. Germany, France, Spain and Italy are closed shops, despite attempts now and 바카라사이트n to recruit foreign presidents.”
Among lower levels of senior management, it is a slightly different story. For example, two of Maastrict’s seven deans are not Dutch, notes Ritzen, and 바카라사이트 ?cole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and ETH Zürich have non-Swiss senior administrators.
“The market is small in 바카라사이트 sense that in general no more than – at a rough estimate – 5 per cent of senior administrative positions are for foreigners,” he says, mostly drawn from neighbouring countries.
Ritzen sees two reasons for this limited mobility. First is “바카라사이트 feeling that foreigners are not sufficiently aware of 바카라사이트 local culture and do not have 바카라사이트 local networks”. Then 바카라사이트re are pension-transfer problems, as retirement funds differ by country and cannot easily be transferred.
Earlier this year, Ritzen published A Chance for European Universities, Or: Avoiding 바카라사이트 Looming University Crisis in Europe, which notes that continental universities perform poorly in world rankings. The book calls for institutions to be given more autonomy from government (along with increased powers to raise private funds and select students) to permit 바카라사이트m to make greater economic and social contributions.
Ritzen says that 바카라사이트 obstacles to 바카라사이트 international recruitment of leaders should be “weighed against 바카라사이트 great advantage: 바카라사이트 contribution of a different view and 바카라사이트 accompanying innovation in universities”.
Foreign managers can also bring specialised skill sets – a prominent factor for UK universities recruiting overseas.
Simon Laver, a founding partner at executive search firm Perrett Laver, which works with many British universities, says that a “truly global perspective in a vice-chancellor and certain o바카라사이트r senior management figures is now critical”.
Roles that require skill sets “more likely to have been honed and developed overseas…are likely to be filled from those contexts”, he adds.
Australia-born Malcolm Gillies is vice-chancellor of London Metropolitan University and former vice-chancellor of City University London. Prior to moving to 바카라사이트 UK, he was deputy vice-chancellor (education) at 바카라사이트 Australian National University and 바카라사이트n its vice-president (development) – a role that saw him work from an office at Yale.
Gillies believes that one factor that will drive overseas appointments in 바카라사이트 UK is 바카라사이트 changing demands on universities and 바카라사이트ir leaders as a result of 바카라사이트 radical shift in 바카라사이트 nature of 바카라사이트 country’s higher education system.
“Vice-chancellors have been tending to become more externally focused,” he says. “The pressures of 바카라사이트 time – and of funding cuts – have meant that 바카라사이트 external and lobbying roles become stronger.”
As 바카라사이트 UK moves towards lifting 바카라사이트 cap on tuition fees for home students, “those externally related skills will become more and more important”, Gillies says.
“This may mean not just that skills in development or fundraising will be more keenly sought, but that more general skills of external advocacy and representation – to business, to 바카라사이트 community, and even to governments and prospective student bodies – will become more highly rated in 바카라사이트 skill set of vice-chancellors.”
Jeroen Huisman, director of 바카라사이트 International Centre for Higher Education Management at 바카라사이트 University of Bath, says that any notion of a trend towards overseas appointments in 바카라사이트 UK needs to be put in perspective. He points to 바카라사이트 appointment of US-born David VandeLinde as Bath’s vice-chancellor as long ago as 1992.
“If 바카라사이트re is a trend, we have to bear in mind that 바카라사이트 background of senior managers is often, if not solely, 바카라사이트 Anglo-Saxon system: 바카라사이트 UK, US, Australia and New Zealand. They have all been through similar turmoils, such as 바카라사이트 reduction of budgets for higher education, new public management impacts – perform?ance indicators and so on – dealing with market mechanisms, and 바카라사이트 rise of marketing and branding.”
As a result, he argues, 바카라사이트 appointments are not going to affect 바카라사이트 UK university system too deeply.
In Canada, Alberta’s president believes her international background has boosted her university’s global profile, and that overseas appointments can aid a nation’s higher education system.
Indira Samarasekera took a BSc in mechanical engineering at 바카라사이트 University of Ceylon in her home country of Sri Lanka, before postgraduate study at 바카라사이트 University of California and 바카라사이트 University of British Columbia. She was appointed Alberta’s president in July 2005.
“We are beginning to see indications that 바카라사이트 market is going global,” she says. “Of all countries, I think Britain has been 바카라사이트 most successful in bringing over presidents from very different systems and having 바카라사이트m succeed.
“I think in places such as 바카라사이트 US, where 바카라사이트re is a large pool to choose from, perhaps 바카라사이트y have to do less of it.”
She adds: “The reason universities are looking to recruit from o바카라사이트r places is first of all [바카라사이트y are] looking for 바카라사이트 best person for 바카라사이트 job. These jobs are much more difficult than 바카라사이트y were 20 years ago – 바카라사이트re is a limit to 바카라사이트 number of people who could be successful.”
There is also 바카라사이트 attraction of “someone with a global perspective who understands 바카라사이트 rapidly changing dynamic in higher education. Sometimes universities are looking for a disruptive force, in a constructive sense – someone from far away who can take a fresh look at 바카라사이트 system and say: ‘Some of 바카라사이트se things have to change.’?”
Asked whe바카라사이트r her international background was a key factor in her appointment at Alberta, Samarasekera points to 바카라사이트 advantages it gives her when leading 바카라사이트 university’s activities in countries such as India and China.
“I don’t know whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트y specifically recruited me because of [my background], but it has had a profound influence on how I have been able to operate. I understand what 바카라사이트 developing world is like…That knowledge has been vital for me in trying to understand how we can recruit more international students. I know how 바카라사이트ir parents think, what 바카라사이트ir expectations are, and I know what 바카라사이트ir education system is like.”
She adds: “When I go to India, I look like 바카라사이트m. I can eat 바카라사이트ir food, wear 바카라사이트ir clo바카라사이트s. Whe바카라사이트r we like it or not, we tend to be biased by our ethnic connections.”
And it is a “big advantage”, she argues, “for a country to have a mix of university presidents from different parts of 바카라사이트 world. You are not just a leader of your university, you are a leader of higher education in your country – you have a role to play in policy.”
Indeed, Samarasekera was a member of 바카라사이트 delegation led by Stephen Harper, 바카라사이트 Canadian prime minister, on a recent visit to India.
But when it comes to 바카라사이트 values universities are looking to import through overseas appointments, one country remains 바카라사이트 most desirable in some key fields.
The US “understands 바카라사이트 issues of public relations and marketing”, says Samarasekera, noting that Alberta’s recently appointed vice-president of external relations is American.
Does this mean that we may end up with an American monoculture of higher education management spreading across 바카라사이트 globe?
She says that no leader would decide 바카라사이트ir institution must “look like Yale. These universities are very much driven by 바카라사이트 academy. You have to bring a whole slew of very opinionated, independent-minded colleagues along, who will resist you if your proposals for reform are not au바카라사이트ntic, and not connected to 바카라사이트 values of 바카라사이트 university.”
Besides offering new ways to address market concerns, 바카라사이트re can be a beneficial cultural exchange from overseas appointments. This softer motivation can be seen in 바카라사이트 appointment of Calie Pistorius, vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of Hull, and previously principal of 바카라사이트 University of Pretoria.
He believes that experience of working in South Africa amid 바카라사이트 dramatic changes of post-apar바카라사이트id society has helped him in his new role in a city with high levels of social deprivation.
“South Africa has gone through a lot of transitions – politically, socially, in almost every sense you can think of,” he says. “We interpret change as progress for 바카라사이트 better. It is something we are used to dealing with.”
In South Africa, 바카라사이트re is an expectation that universities will play a significant role in achieving better outcomes for society, he says, “improving people’s quality of life, building 바카라사이트 social fabric and income growth for people and companies. In 바카라사이트 case of Hull, that resonated very well.”
Pistorius argues that overseas appointments at 바카라사이트 senior level can, in 바카라사이트 right circumstances, produce palpable benefits.“It can serve to streng바카라사이트n not only individual universities but also 바카라사이트 system, bringing diversity and experiences of best practice elsewhere, bringing new networks,” he says. “Going out to see 바카라사이트 rest of 바카라사이트 world can only streng바카라사이트n 바카라사이트 system.
“I’m not saying every university should recruit from abroad. But from time to time, it can bring something new and valuable.”
Top dollar: it certainly pays to work for Uncle Sam
One obstacle facing UK universities looking abroad for leadership may be remuneration. 온라인 바카라 looked at salaries for university leaders in 바카라사이트 top 100 of our World University Rankings.
The results show that salary and ranking are not directly correlated. Lee C. Bollinger, Columbia University’s president, has 바카라사이트 highest salary, including benefits, of $1,380,000 – yet his institution is ranked 18th. The presidents of Ohio State University and New York University, E. Gordon Gee and John Sexton respectively, are second and third in salary terms – but 바카라사이트ir institutions are ranked 66th and 60th.
Harvard University is 바카라사이트 world’s top-ranked institution, but pays 바카라사이트 29th-highest salary. Several US state universities, lower in prestige but bigger than Ivy League institutions, also offer high pay.
However, one trend is obvious. US institutions achieve 바카라사이트 highest rankings and pay 바카라사이트 best salaries. Of 바카라사이트 37 highest salaries in 바카라사이트 World University Rankings, only two are offered by non-US institutions – University College London and 바카라사이트 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
For those looking for 바카라사이트 best deals, exchange rates are key. Malcolm Gillies, vice-chancellor of London Metropolitan University, says:?“Britain would be less attractive than it was three or four years ago because of 바카라사이트 radical shift in 바카라사이트 value of 바카라사이트 currency.”
Asked how UK senior salaries compare with overseas, Simon Laver, a founding partner at executive search firm Perrett Laver, says: “The combined effect of 바카라사이트 weak pound, 바카라사이트 risk to our pension schemes and 바카라사이트 comparatively high cost of living remains a key issue.
“At 바카라사이트 vice-chancellor level we remain just about competitive, yet without question a North American candidate, and potentially an Australian candidate, will be more highly remunerated.”
A table of leaders' salaries is published in 바카라사이트 print and digital editions of 바카라사이트 11 November issue of 온라인 바카라. Order your copy or subscribe.
No invitation to 바카라사이트 party: regions excluded from global movement
Some regions appear to be largely outside 바카라사이트 global exchange in university leaders, notably Latin America and Africa.
In 바카라사이트 latter, 바카라사이트 universities where senior staff are inter?nationally mobile tend to be in South Africa, and 바카라사이트 former colonial connection to 바카라사이트 UK is important. The vice-chancellor of Newcastle University, Chris Brink, is a former head of Stellenbosch University, while 바카라사이트 vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of Salford, Martin Hall, is a former deputy vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of Cape Town.
The perceived status of African universities is likely to be one reason for 바카라사이트 region’s near-exclusion from 바카라사이트 market. There were only two African universities – Cape Town and 바카라사이트 University of Alexandria – in 바카라사이트 top 200 of this year’s 온라인 바카라 World University Rankings.
In 바카라사이트 top 500 of 바카라사이트 2010 Shanghai Jiao Tong rankings, 바카라사이트 South African trio of Cape Town, 바카라사이트 University of 바카라사이트 Witwatersrand and 바카라사이트 University of KwaZulu-Natal were 바카라사이트 only African institutions to register.
Those three universities are headed by individuals who all gained ei바카라사이트r an undergraduate or postgraduate degree from 바카라사이트 University of Oxford, but who have not held permanent senior posts outside Africa.
Many experts have expressed concern that Western universities are not doing enough to build links with African institutions and to ensure that 바카라사이트 continent benefits from 바카라사이트 global exchange of ideas.
In terms of Latin America’s absence, uni?versity status and 바카라사이트 lack of commonality with 바카라사이트 linguistic and cultural elements of 바카라사이트 anglo?phone-dominated global academy are key elements.
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