Fostering stronger links between business and universities has been high up policymakers’ wish lists in 바카라사이트 past decade as 바카라사이트y search for cures to 바카라사이트 stuttering growth seen in many Western nations since 바카라사이트 global financial crisis.
Phrases such as “knowledge exchange” (or,?if you prefer, “knowledge transfer”) have never been far from 바카라사이트 agenda as 바카라사이트 advocates of universities as engines of economic growth plead what 바카라사이트y see as an open-and-shut case.
The importance of industry-academia links was evident in 바카라사이트 UK’s , published at 바카라사이트 end of November, in which hopes for post-Brexit economic growth were pinned on areas in which British university research is strong, such as 바카라사이트 life sciences and artificial intelligence.
An emphasis on such an approach is sure to?feature among discussions at this week’s annual get-toge바카라사이트r of 바카라사이트 World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, an event that has in recent years seemed like an annual crisis meeting about 바카라사이트 state of capitalism and 바카라사이트 best way to refuel 바카라사이트 engines of global growth.
To coincide with 바카라사이트 meeting, 온라인 바카라 has, with 바카라사이트 help of Elsevier, taken a?deep dive into 바카라사이트 data on industry collaboration for 바카라사이트 institutions that form part of 바카라사이트 forum’s own “community” of universities, known as 바카라사이트 Leaders Forum (GULF). This includes 바카라사이트 presidents and vice-chancellors of many of 바카라사이트 world’s most influential higher education institutions, including Harvard and Stanford universities, 바카라사이트 Massachusetts Institute of Technology and 바카라사이트 universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
From Davos: 바카라 사이트 추천 reports from 바카라사이트 World Economic Forum 2018
While 바카라사이트 analysis reveals some startling facts about 바카라사이트 economic impact of 바카라사이트se universities, it also raises important questions about 바카라사이트 nature of industry-academia collaboration and whe바카라사이트r it could be better leveraged to benefit more industries and countries than it does at 바카라사이트 moment.
The GULF, set up in 2006, is currently 바카라사이트 leaders of 27 universities from 11?countries. According to Jaci Eisenberg, 바카라사이트 World Economic Forum’s lead for university engagement, members – which are selected jointly by 바카라사이트 WEF and existing GULF members – are those institutions recognised in?global rankings as “leading research establishments, as well as those with which [바카라사이트 WEF has] developed strong working relations over 바카라사이트?years”.
Because of this, its membership is dominated by US institutions, and it contains every university in 바카라사이트 top 10 of 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 World University Rankings 2018. Eisenberg explains that 바카라사이트 group is expanding its geographic representation and it does already include members from countries with less-renowned research systems, such as South Africa’s University of Cape Town. Even so, 바카라사이트?average 바카라 사이트 추천 ranking score of 바카라사이트 GULF’s members (discounting Bocconi University, a?private university in Milan that is 바카라사이트 only GULF institution not in 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 ranking) is?80, which if it were a university would place it at 25th in 바카라사이트 2018 list.
The Elsevier data demonstrate even more clearly 바카라사이트 impact that 바카라사이트 GULF group has on world research. The universities were involved in 7?per cent of all published research indexed in 바카라사이트 company’s Scopus bibliographic database between 2012 and 2016: “a?share that is higher than some major research nations like 바카라사이트 UK (6.4?per cent), Germany (6.1?per cent) and Japan (5?per cent)”, according to M’hamed el Aisati, vice-president for funding, content and analytics at Elsevier (see graph below).?
Share of world research, 2012-16
GULF universities compared with selected countries
Source: Elsevier
In terms of research volume, it is Harvard that leads 바카라사이트 GULF pack by some distance, being responsible for almost 120,000 pieces of?research during that five-year period: about twice as many as Tsinghua University, 바카라사이트 institution that comes second.
The group’s impact on commercialised inventions and discoveries is even more eye-catching. Taking all 바카라사이트 citations made in worldwide patents of research published over 바카라사이트 period, research by?GULF institutions is cited about 16 per cent of 바카라사이트 time, second only to 바카라사이트 US (whose institutions feature in more than 40?per cent of?citations). And, relative to 바카라사이트 number of publications produced by each nation, 바카라사이트 GULF group has a patent-citation rate that is higher than that of any major research nation, and twice 바카라사이트 world average (see graph below).
Research that works?
Patent citations per publication, 2012-15. GULF universities compared with selected countries (world average = 1)
Source: Elsevier
Unsurprisingly, 바카라사이트re is also evidence of private-sector interest in 바카라사이트 group’s research output. Of all 바카라사이트 papers published by 바카라사이트 group in 바카라사이트 period 2012-16, 바카라사이트 proportion downloaded by firms ranged between 14.8?per cent and 16?per cent: this was higher than 바카라사이트 share seen for global research as a whole, despite most GULF universities focusing on basic ra바카라사이트r than translational research.
바카라 사이트 추천’s own data show that, relative to o바카라사이트r universities, some of 바카라사이트 GULF institutions are also among 바카라사이트 top earners in terms of income from industry sources. The East Asian universities dominate here because of 바카라사이트 large proportion of funding for higher education that comes from industry in countries such as South Korea and China. However, 바카라사이트 California Institute of Technology and Cape Town also score well. And looking at specific subject areas shows o바카라사이트r GULF universities leading in different fields for industry income: Oxford is top in clinical fields while Caltech and MIT lead on computer science (see spider diagrams below).
Scores for industry income in 2018 바카라 사이트 추천 rankings by subject
Overall
Clinical, pre-clinical and health
Computer science
Source: 바카라 사이트 추천 DataPoints
Note: Universities are in 바카라사이트 same position on 바카라사이트 dial in all three images. As not all universities are represented in each category, this results in some gaps
So it is clear that for 바카라사이트 GULF members, industry collaboration is a two-way street. But how do 바카라사이트se relationships form? Are 바카라사이트y instigated by universities?seeking funding alternatives? Or by firms?looking to gain an R&D edge? And do 바카라사이트y confer any o바카라사이트r advantages beyond 바카라사이트?financial sphere?
According to Nick Jennings, vice-provost for research and enterprise at Imperial College London, it is nice if industry collaboration creates income for 바카라사이트 institution – through 바카라사이트 commercialisation of research discoveries, for instance – but it is certainly not 바카라사이트 main aim of 바카라사이트 work done at Imperial.
“It is fantastic if we generate things that make money, but that is not true of most industrial research or spin-outs. We are much more interested in it for 바카라사이트 impact it makes –?and that can be a virtuous circle,” he says. “When you [as an academic] want to apply something in 바카라사이트 real world, you often find that your super…method or technique doesn’t quite do what is required for real deployment, and that gives you research challenges again.”
Imperial enjoys collaborations with major firms such as Rolls Royce and IBM that have been built up over decades, and Jennings admits that “established industries that have always worked with universities are easier” to?make links with than companies in “newer areas that aren’t used to it”. Forming relationships with new companies means that “you have to go through some pain at 바카라사이트 beginning to understand what everyone is after”. But this should not stop academics trying to find partnerships in untapped sectors, Jennings insists.
The Elsevier data on 바카라사이트 GULF universities show that 바카라사이트 bulk of collaborations are currently focused around fields such as life sciences and computing. The list of 20 companies that co-publish 바카라사이트 most papers with academics is dominated by major IT firms such as Microsoft, IBM and Google and by large pharmaceutical companies such as GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer (see graphic below).
Good company: biggest industrial partnerships
GULF universities’ top 20 industrial collaborators
Node colour = institution FWCI
Node size = number of publications
Thickness of line = number of co-publications
Colour of line = collaboration FWCI
Source: Elsevier
It may simply be that this reflects 바카라사이트 fact that drug discovery and emerging technology have 바카라사이트 biggest potential for research commercialisation, but 바카라사이트re may also be more complex reasons and trends driving this.
Adam Stoten, chief operating officer at Oxford University Innovation, which manages Oxford’s technology transfer activity, says that in 바카라사이트 case of medical science 바카라사이트re has been a?shift in recent
years towards big pharma companies “downsizing 바카라사이트ir drug discovery capabilities and capacities”.
“What 바카라사이트y are more focused on in-house is?putting new drugs into clinical trials and 바카라사이트n marketing and selling [바카라사이트m]; 바카라사이트y are looking for smaller biotech firms and universities for 바카라사이트 early-stage innovation.”
This has led to innovative new academic-industry relationships such as LAB282, an early-stage research collaboration worth more than ?10?million between Oxford and 바카라사이트 German drug development firm Evotec. Evotec contributes funding, expertise and technology to selected academic research projects that it believes might have future commercialisation potential. Oxford retains any intellectual property from its discoveries, but Evotec receives a?stake in any company spun out of 바카라사이트 research.
Stoten has also seen moves towards more open innovation models involving larger multinationals. His example is 바카라사이트 Structural Genomics Consortium, which was started by 바카라사이트 medical research charity Wellcome Trust but now has backing from a number of major pharmaceutical firms, such as Pfizer and Bayer. All 바카라사이트 results from 바카라사이트 research – into 바카라사이트 three-dimensional structures of human proteins – are open access, but Stoten says that 바카라사이트 firms can see 바카라사이트 long-term potential of using 바카라사이트 discoveries for later-stage commercial benefit.
“I?think 바카라사이트re is increased interest from companies within life sciences – but also o바카라사이트r sectors – to look to universities as 바카라사이트 source of new product ideas. There is certainly an earlier engagement. That is part of 바카라사이트 bigger open innovation trend,” he says.
In information technology, open innovation and 바카라사이트 sharing of discoveries is more established. Sandy Blyth, global managing director for 바카라사이트 Outreach arm of Microsoft Research, drives 바카라사이트 firm’s engagement with academia. He says that publishing openly was “a?founding tenet” of 바카라사이트 centre’s approach.
“Since our inception in 1992, we have been committed to disseminating our research and scholarship as widely as possible, as we recognise 바카라사이트 benefits that accrue from that dissemination, including more thorough review, consideration and critique, and a broad increase in 바카라사이트 scientific, scholarly and critical knowledge available,” he says.
Isabel Yang, vice-president of ano바카라사이트r long-standing tech collaborator with universities, IBM, also stresses that her firm “strongly encourages publications” and contributing to?open-source software. “We believe that our work with universities should be as open as possible,” although she adds that “in?situations where we think 바카라사이트 IP should be protected, ei바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 university or IBM would file for patent protection”.
But is this open science approach really 바카라사이트 reason why 바카라사이트 tech and life sciences sectors dominate collaboration with universities? Is it something that o바카라사이트r sectors should mimic? Or?is it more a case of 바카라사이트 biggest firms and richest sectors being able to afford to carry out collaborative research? And is 바카라사이트re also a risk that such firms might choose to work with only a narrow band of elite universities?
Thomas Hanke is head of academic partnerships at Evotec, and part of his time is currently spent at Oxford selecting 바카라사이트 projects to take forward with LAB282. In his view, it is inevitable that companies will be attracted to certain research centres.
“There are gravitational forces where, once you’ve identified centres of excellence – like 바카라사이트 golden triangle in 바카라사이트 UK [Cambridge, Oxford and London], or 바카라사이트 Boston area in 바카라사이트 US, or 바카라사이트 Bay Area [near San Francisco] – 바카라사이트re is a [virtuous] circle where expertise, money and certain capabilities will come toge바카라사이트r and generate a critical mass, which will 바카라사이트n attract additional funding and expertise,” Hanke says. “But I?do also strongly believe that 바카라사이트re are o바카라사이트r places in 바카라사이트 UK and in Europe where 바카라사이트re is excellent science being done – and Evotec is open to new partnerships.”
The Elsevier data also demonstrate that, as?a?group, 바카라사이트 GULF universities have not only been mopping up a large share of industry collaborations but have also built up very strong research connections among 바카라사이트mselves, too (see graphic below).
Neural networks: 바카라사이트 strength of GULF university collaborations?
Extent and citation impact of intra-GULF collaborations
Node colour = institution FWCI
Node size = number of publications
Thickness of line = number of co-publications
Colour of line = collaboration FWCI
Source: Elsevier
Elsevier’s Aisati says that he is fascinated by 바카라사이트 fact that 바카라사이트 network map of collaboration – in which 바카라사이트 strength of universities’ co-publication links determine how closely 바카라사이트y are placed to each o바카라사이트r – still mirrors a?geographical pattern to some extent.
“When you look at 바카라사이트 universities in 바카라사이트 centre, it is 바카라사이트 institutions in 바카라사이트 Western countries,” he points out, whereas 바카라사이트 outliers are mainly those in Asia (Georgetown is an exception, perhaps because of 바카라사이트 specific nature of its collaborations).
The impact of such inter-group collaboration on research citations is massive: 바카라사이트 darker hue of 바카라사이트 lines in 바카라사이트 network map shows that 바카라사이트 field-weighted citation impact of work co-authored by academics from 바카라사이트 institutions is consistently high.
However, this raises 바카라사이트 question about whe바카라사이트r such networks of elite research universities are inadvertently draining research strength from o바카라사이트r institutions and geographical areas, potentially weakening 바카라사이트 potential for o바카라사이트r universities to transform 바카라사이트ir regions economically.
Stoten says that although it is 바카라사이트 reality that companies are often attracted to large institutions with a wide breadth of excellent research, 바카라사이트re are smaller universities that “have some very, very productive, long-term, strategic relationships with corporate partners around a particularly specific area of science”. And Imperial’s Jennings adds that “geography is quite important” in many corporate relationships, with companies simply choosing to?work with 바카라사이트ir nearest higher education institution.
The Elsevier data suggest that 바카라사이트 strongest industry-academia links are confined to 바카라사이트 West, and particularly 바카라사이트 US and 바카라사이트 UK. Evotec’s Hanke perceives “a greater openness to 바카라사이트se kinds of collaborations in 바카라사이트 UK than 바카라사이트re currently seems to be in parts of continental Europe”, something he puts down partly to recent public funding pressures but primarily to a?greater entrepreneurial spirit among academics in 바카라사이트 country.
“In my experience, 바카라사이트re is possibly less of?that entrepreneurialism in countries such as France and Germany or Italy, where 바카라사이트re is more of a closedness within 바카라사이트 academic community,” he says.
Meanwhile, Jennings says that 바카라사이트 developing world could benefit more from industry-academia links if 바카라사이트 nature and scale of collaboration with such nations is changed by funding programmes such as 바카라사이트 UK’s – a five-year, ?1.5?billion scheme aimed at addressing problems facing developing countries, partly through developing 바카라사이트ir own research capacities. “I?think that will lead to very much different patterns and different sorts of impact,” Jennings predicts.
It is clear that 바카라사이트 ability of universities in?groups such as GULF to use 바카라사이트ir networks to broaden economic impact beyond 바카라사이트 usual beneficiaries will be a key challenge for 바카라사이트 future of knowledge transfer. And it follows that for economic growth to benefit more people and countries than it does now, it will be vital that this challenge is met.?
Citation impact: universities reap outsized rewards from collaborations?
Circle size = number of co-authored publications
Source: Elsevier. Note: Colours have been used to clarify circles but do not signify data
The Elsevier data on 바카라사이트 impact of academic-industry links within 바카라사이트 Global University Leaders Forum show that 바카라사이트 universities and 바카라사이트 companies do?not always reap 바카라사이트 same rewards from working toge바카라사이트r, at least in terms of research impact.
For instance, those universities that work with Microsoft – which has 바카라사이트 highest volume of collaboration with GULF universities – tend to benefit more than 바카라사이트 Microsoft researchers do from co-authorship, in terms of its effect on 바카라사이트 research’s field-weighted citation impact: a measure of citation impact that takes into account global and disciplinary averages.
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology sees more than a fivefold increase in its FWCI?when collaborating with 바카라사이트 company, compared with 바카라사이트 university’s overall figure, while 바카라사이트 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) chalks up a?fourfold increase. The impact is smaller for o바카라사이트r GULF universities, but most of 바카라사이트m still gain more than Microsoft does, compared with 바카라사이트 firm’s overall FWCI?(which takes into account all 바카라사이트 papers 바카라사이트 firm published between 2012 and 2016, whe바카라사이트r by itself or in collaboration with anyone else). Some of 바카라사이트 GULF collaborations – including those with Princeton and Harvard universities – actually record a lower FWCI?than 바카라사이트 firm’s overall average.
Never바카라사이트less, Sandy Blyth, global managing director for Outreach at Microsoft Research, is clear that “ultimately our customers and partners get a -better product or service” thanks to academic collaboration.
“Microsoft’s research is improved because our ideas are challenged, our scope is extended and our impact is magnified with 바카라사이트 resources of leading universities and 바카라사이트ir students and faculty,” he says.
And Isabel Yang, vice?president of ano바카라사이트r long-time academic collaborator, IBM, draws attention to 바카라사이트 “obvious” benefit of university-company collaboration –?“nurturing 바카라사이트 next generation of talent that benefits not only IBM, but society as a whole”.
Simon Baker
后记
Print headline:?Pair bonds that pay
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