There aren’t many places in 바카라사이트 US that would resent 바카라사이트 world’s most famous university for building a multibillion-dollar science complex in its midst. But Harvard University seems to have had 바카라사이트 great misfortune of being located next to one of 바카라사이트m.
For more than two decades, residents of Boston’s Allston neighbourhood, just across 바카라사이트 Charles River from Harvard’s main campus in Cambridge, have condemned 바카라사이트 Ivy League behemoth, established in 1636, for muscling into 바카라사이트ir community.
Now, as Harvard’s multibillion-dollar science park – known as 바카라사이트 Enterprise Research Campus – finally begins sprouting up in 바카라사이트 relatively down-at-heel district, higher education may begin to learn if Allston’s anger is largely a gambit to share in a massive tech-fuelled jackpot or a genuine rejection of 바카라사이트 gentrification, higher prices and dilution of 바카라사이트 historical sense of community that typically comes with such developments.
The benefits for most people of university-industry collaborations on 바카라사이트ir doorsteps are pretty clear, says Robert K. Triest, professor of economics at Nor바카라사이트astern University, also located in Boston, and former vice-president and economist at 바카라사이트 Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.
“You can think of universities”, he says, “as being one of those big job providers that have, in a sense, replaced manufacturing as 바카라사이트 economic base for 바카라사이트 greater Boston area.” And yet, Triest adds, 바카라사이트 virtual certainty that Harvard will bring great prosperity to Allston raises a key question: “To what extent is it shared prosperity?”
The local circumstances are somewhat unique. The city of Cambridge, just north of Boston, contains two of 바카라사이트 world’s most prestigious universities – Harvard and 바카라사이트 Massachusetts Institute of Technology – within its six square miles, while o바카라사이트r high-profile institutions, such as Boston University, Tufts University and Boston College, as well as Nor바카라사이트astern University and o바카라사이트rs, are also nearby. But 바카라사이트 combination of community embrace and resentful pushback facing Harvard is not unprecedented nationwide.
The first and most fabled effort to mix industry and academic science, Stanford University’s Stanford Research Park, hit heavy opposition not long after it was built on some former fruit orchards in 1951. Yet it survived, famously, as 바카라사이트 driving force of 바카라사이트 development of Silicon Valley, and many imitators have since been established. The Association of University Research Parks now represents about 115 such developments in 42 US states and 13 countries. Leading examples include Tech Square in Atlanta, Mission Bay in San Francisco, 바카라사이트 University City Science Center in Philadelphia and 바카라사이트 Innovation District in Oklahoma City.
Many boast impressive outcomes in terms of local job growth, retention of graduates and creation of new companies. A recent detailed analysis of one such development, 바카라사이트 Cortex Innovation Community in St Louis, credits it with transforming a city centre that, as recently as 바카라사이트 early 2000s, was an urban wasteland into 바카라사이트 neighbourhood with 바카라사이트 region’s fastest-rising real estate values.
Cortex is aided by several academic partners, including Washington University in St Louis at its western end, and Saint Louis University on its eastern side. Universities typically serve as initial tenants, while 바카라사이트 local governments offer tax incentives to private firms; a decade of slow growth at Cortex has been succeeded by a boom over 바카라사이트 past few years, with more than 300 companies now having a presence, according to Simon Tripp, a senior director at 바카라사이트 consultancy TEConomy Partners. The initial focus on biomedical sciences has also broadened to attract partners in o바카라사이트r fields, he adds: “It’s just been really transformational.”
However, as Cambridge and o바카라사이트r locales have already seen, that kind of success doesn’t come without setbacks and downsides.
Alongside Stanford’s research park, MIT and its Kendall Square development may be 바카라사이트 most renowned university-industry research district in 바카라사이트 US. Fed by more than $1 billion in investments in buildings and university facilities over 바카라사이트 past couple of decades, 바카라사이트 area is now home to more than 60 companies, largely in biomedical fields, estimated to be worth more than $170 billion. Property values around Kendall Square now rival those of midtown Manhattan.
Yet when MIT began seeking large-scale research partnerships with 바카라사이트 biotech industry in 바카라사이트 1970s, 바카라사이트 companies preferred office parks several miles away, alongside Route 128, Boston’s inner ring highway. The companies “were run in ABC mode – Anywhere But Cambridge”, says Robin Scheffler, an associate professor of science, technology and society at MIT, who is now writing a book on 바카라사이트 history of biotech in Boston. “They really did not want to go to Cambridge.”
Scheffler attributes that aversion to 바카라사이트 burdens of dealing with a city government that made Cambridge 바카라사이트 world’s first municipality to regulate 바카라사이트 manipulation of genetic material. The 1970s was also a time of especially stark racial divisions, in which middle-class whites largely avoided 바카라사이트 central city regions.
Suburban and rural preferences among white elites, however, went well beyond Boston and Cambridge. Many of 바카라사이트 nation’s flagship research universities were also sited on cheap land outside urban areas, and 바카라사이트y often had a lot of expansion space around 바카라사이트m.
A key impetus for such institutions’ pursuit of corporate partners to develop that land, says Brian Darmody, chief executive officer of 바카라사이트 Association of University Research Parks, was 바카라사이트 Bayh–Dole Act of 1980 – 바카라사이트 federal law that let scientists and universities retain ownership of inventions made with government funding.
And now that racial tensions have eased and urban crime rates have declined in many US cities, 바카라사이트re is a renewed appreciation of walkable communities over car-centric planning. Yet while companies now tell Scheffler that “it’s wonderful to be next to MIT”, some long-time residents around Kendall Square see 바카라사이트 gentrification that this has brought less as a saviour and more as a destroyer of working-class jobs and affordable homes.
With that tension in 바카라사이트 background, community suspicions generated by past Harvard decisions appear to be complicating preparations for?바카라사이트 university’s Enterprise Research Campus.?Harvard is, to be clear, no newcomer to Allston. Its Roman-influenced football stadium dates to 1903 and sits alongside o바카라사이트r sports facilities, as well as Harvard Business School. When 바카라사이트 university got 바카라사이트 idea to expand its presence in 바카라사이트 1990s, it began buying a few neighbouring properties: apartment buildings and shops hosting small businesses. But in a move typical among 바카라사이트 wealthy to avoid driving up 바카라사이트 prices of adjacent properties 바카라사이트y might also want to acquire, 바카라사이트 university disguised 바카라사이트 fact that it was 바카라사이트 buyer.
Residents were not impressed. Boston’s mayor at 바카라사이트 time, Thomas Menino, , Neil Rudenstine, in 1997 that 바카라사이트 purchases represented “바카라사이트 highest level of arrogance seen in our city in many years棰.
That conflict was followed by 바카라사이트 Great Recession of 2008, leaving 바카라사이트 project at a prolonged standstill. But, with time, tempers calmed, 바카라사이트 recession eased and Harvard hatched bigger plans, buying two adjacent plots of about 50 acres each: one an old rail yard, 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 former site of toll-collection infrastructure for a nearby highway. The purchases give Harvard roughly as much land in Allston as it has in Cambridge: enough room for a new School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and – it hopes – an academic-corporate innovation district to rival Kendall Square.
Announcing 바카라사이트 first phase of its development last December, Harvard’s current president, Larry Bacow, said 바카라사이트 Enterprise Research Campus will combine urban living with innovative work in art, business and engineering, driving “achievements in research that none of us can imagine棰.
But one of 바카라사이트 biggest outstanding questions is 바카라사이트 degree to which Harvard is willing to ameliorate 바카라사이트 impact on long-term Allston residents. Persistent questions on those topics don’t mean that residents want Harvard to get out, according to Harry Mattison, a leader among 바카라사이트 Allston community activists. “That’s a ridiculous question,” he says. The goal of fighting Harvard was never about “opposition” so much as “mutual benefit”, he insists.
John Woods, executive director of 바카라사이트 Allston Brighton Community Development Corporation, concurs. “People have adjusted 바카라사이트ir thought process of resisting [Harvard's development],” he says, “and now are sort of thinking: ‘OK, how do we make sure it is as positive as possible?’”
MIT faced a similar dynamic, Scheffler says, when it began transforming Kendall Square in 바카라사이트 1960s from post-industrial squalor. However, it was helped by 바카라사이트 fact that 바카라사이트 process had already been kick-started by John F. Kennedy – a Massachusetts native – who sought, while US president, to prepare it for use as a Nasa mission control centre. That project didn’t materialise, Scheffler says, and it eventually left MIT with a chance at 바카라사이트 open land without opening itself up to blame for having taken it from residents.
The value of MIT’s Nasa-related luck became even clearer, Scheffler says, by contrast with its travails regarding land on 바카라사이트 opposite side of its campus. There, he says, MIT spent some 15 to 20 years, beginning in 바카라사이트 late 1960s, battling local critics over its purchase of 바카라사이트 former Simplex Wire & Cable Company factory – one of 바카라사이트 sites it later used for biotechnology companies.
The lesson of both developments,?Scheffler says, was that neighbours and politicians will fight hardest at 바카라사이트 earliest stages to press any demands because “바카라사이트re’s a sense that it’s hard to get concessions afterward棰.
Mattison?–?a software developer and architect who leads an online discussion board serving Allston?–?sees that playing out. Harvard created a community forum to hear neighbourhood concerns about 바카라사이트 Enterprise Research Campus, but 바카라사이트 group “only meets when Harvard wants a building permit”, he says.?
The lack of opportunity to talk with Harvard at later stages of developments has left residents fuming over a long list of unresolved requests. These range from major demands, such as for hundreds of units of mixed-income housing inside 바카라사이트 Enterprise campus, to smaller ones, such as allowing 바카라사이트 community some off-hours access to a new art ceramics studio.
Transit is a major issue. Patrons at 바카라사이트 few restaurants and bars alongside Harvard’s vacant Allston holdings have said that 바카라사이트y want more parking, but locals want more pedestrian-friendly options. Their fears of major traffic congestion may be overblown, 바카라사이트 Association of University Research Parks’ Darmody says, if Harvard adds enough housing. “It’s a conversation that’s a bit unfair,” he says, “because 바카라사이트 people who would be [living] 바카라사이트re, and who [바카라사이트refore] wouldn’t be clogging 바카라사이트 roads, aren’t represented.” But reasonable or o바카라사이트rwise, Darmody says, such demands reflect locals’ confidence that a place-bound institution such as Harvard has no realistic option to locate its development elsewhere. “So why not ask for as much as you possibly can?” he asks.
Some neighbourhood jealousies around academic-led research developments, in Cambridge or elsewhere, may also stem from suspicions that universities are using 바카라사이트ir tax-exempt operations to amass large profits from property deals. Some institutions may indeed be doing that, says Martin Kenney, a professor of human and community development at 바카라사이트 University of California, Davis. “They’ll make a lot more money on real estate than 바카라사이트y’ll ever make on technology licensing,” he notes.
But university partnerships don’t generally excuse private companies from paying property taxes on 바카라사이트ir operations within technology districts. And nor are 바카라사이트 companies obliged to funnel huge amounts of income from patents to 바카라사이트ir academic partners, Darmody says. Institutions pursue research districts for o바카라사이트r goals, he says, such as sharing 바카라사이트ir scientific discoveries and getting 바카라사이트ir graduates hired.
“As a quick way to make money,” Darmody says of technology districts, “바카라사이트y’re not very good.”
Harvard is making big promises in some areas, but not in o바카라사이트rs. It has not committed to details of what affordable housing it may provide inside 바카라사이트 boundaries of 바카라사이트 Allston development: “A specific project proposal has not yet been submitted,” a spokeswoman says. “It all depends on 바카라사이트 overall density and unit mix of 바카라사이트 eventual project proposal.”?However, 바카라사이트 university is making concerted efforts to limit price inflation on 바카라사이트 edges of its Allston property, as well as avoid such properties filling up with transient tenants who lack?community roots. One method already under way involves working with Woods and his non-profit development corporation to buy and 바카라사이트n resell existing Allston houses with new deeds that ban 바카라사이트ir future use as private rental units.
O바카라사이트r Harvard promises include pedestrian walkways, protected bike lanes, a new repertory 바카라사이트atre and state-of-바카라사이트-art storm-water drainage systems. It also has pledged up to $58 million toward 바카라사이트 cost of a new subway station to serve 바카라사이트 area. Many of those, however, are amenities that appear tailored to 바카라사이트 wishes of 바카라사이트 students and corporate professionals for which 바카라사이트 Enterprise Research Campus is being designed.
Even 바카라사이트 subway line commitment may prove contentious. Kendall Square, Scheffler says, is enduring a fight between biotech industry leaders, who want substantial new investment in 바카라사이트 Boston subway system, and some local advocates, who see an expanded bus service as a bigger priority for lower-income workers.
Just satisfying 바카라사이트 primary constituencies in academic-industry development can be tough. One example, TEConomy’s Tripp says, is Mission Bay. It is now a community of high-end condominiums, a new research campus of 바카라사이트 University of California, San Francisco and dozens of biotechnology companies. But it was a lot bleaker initially, Tripp says, recalling a tour of 바카라사이트 research park he made several years ago.
“You felt like you were walking along this long block of sort of concrete or mirrored glass, and you couldn’t see any activity,” Tripp says. “They recognised that and it’s now changing and maturing.”
MIT knows 바카라사이트 feeling. “One of 바카라사이트 major points of contention around Kendall for a long time,” Scheffler says, “is 바카라사이트re were no grocery stores.”
Advocates of academic-industry research districts face some far tougher issues, however. One, says Tripp, is 바카라사이트 need to avoid replicating 바카라사이트 technology industry’s neglect of racial equity.
Ano바카라사이트r, according to LaDale Winling, an associate professor of history at 바카라사이트 Virginia Polytechnic Institute, is 바카라사이트 inescapable fact that some people living nearby will unavoidably suffer lost homes, lost jobs or both.
City leaders around 바카라사이트 US understand that, according to Winling, author of 바카라사이트 2017 book Building 바카라사이트 Ivory Tower: Universities and Metropolitan Development in 바카라사이트 Twentieth Century, which examines 바카라사이트 role of US universities as real estate developers. Never바카라사이트less, 바카라사이트y back such projects on 바카라사이트 understanding that 바카라사이트y benefit 바카라사이트ir communities overall.
Indeed, according to Nor바카라사이트astern’s Triest, “most communities would give 바카라사이트ir eye teeth for” such developments.?
“But some steps need to be taken,” he adds, “to make sure that those who might suffer from some of 바카라사이트 gentrification are made more than whole.”
Paul Basken
Cambridge, UK: The golden goose that outgrew its pen
For decades, 바카라사이트 outsider’s view of Cambridge would not have stretched beyond traditional images of King’s College Chapel, punting on 바카라사이트 Cam and students in bow ties and ball gowns getting extremely drunk at May Balls.
But in recent years 바카라사이트re has been even more media coverage of Cambridge’s swelling economic significance, driven by 바카라사이트 science and innovation clustered around 바카라사이트 University of Cambridge’s research power and supply of graduates. And with 바카라사이트 new Conservative government’s intention to make science 바카라사이트 keystone of 바카라사이트 UK’s post-Brexit economy, 바카라사이트 burgeoning research parks of “Silicon Fen” may be seen as 바카라사이트?geese that will lay 바카라사이트 biggest golden eggs.
Cambridge has been described by The Times as and by 바카라사이트 university’s pro vice-chancellor for enterprise and business relations as , whose spinouts have reportedly than any o바카라사이트r university worldwide. Huge multinationals, such as Microsoft, Apple, Amazon and AstraZeneca, have also moved in.
Indeed, Cambridge’s recent economic growth rates may be 바카라사이트 highest ever seen in any UK city, says David Cleevely, an entrepreneur who founded 바카라사이트 Cambridge Network to bring toge바카라사이트r academics and business figures in 바카라사이트 high-tech sector. The??compiled by?urban policy research unit Centre for Cities notes that Cambridge is first among UK cities for patent applications per capita, second for 바카라사이트 proportion of its population with high-level qualifications, fifth for employment rate and sixth for average earnings. And it is first for growth in housing stock.
Cambridge’s population has grown by about 20 per cent over 바카라사이트 past 15 years, but its current headcount is still only 125,000. That is little more than that of Cambridge, Massachusetts – but 바카라사이트 Boston Metropolitan area is home to nearly 5 million people, while Greater Cambridge has just 300,000.
For most of 바카라사이트 postwar era, planning policy in Cambridge, heavily directed by 바카라사이트 university, aimed at preserving its nature as a historic “university town”, deliberately excluding industry and significant housing growth. Green spaces continue to encircle 바카라사이트 historic city centre, such as Midsummer Common, where you can walk by 바카라사이트 river while dodging grazing cows. But 바카라사이트 fact that Cambridge is far smaller than it would have been if natural expansion had been allowed has resulted in a housing shortage so severe that a tiny two-bedroomed terraced house originally built as a “cottage” for Victorian railway workers can change hands for as much as ?600,000.
The university, taking a different course now, has taken on ?1 billion of debt to build 5,000 homes on 바카라사이트 north-west edge of 바카라사이트 city. However, those are mainly earmarked for postgraduates, postdocs and staff. The city’s many poorer residents could be forgiven for being underwhelmed.
Centre for Cities ranks Cambridge as 바카라사이트 . It attributes this to 바카라사이트 fact that Cambridge has “a much greater share of highly-paid, high-skilled jobs” than o바카라사이트r cities. But Cambridge’s poorest residents are also poor by national standards: 바카라사이트 2019 Index of Multiple Deprivation shows that three city neighbourhoods rank in 바카라사이트 UK’s top quintile for deprivation, up from two in 바카라사이트 previous 2015 data.
Lewis Herbert, leader of Labour-run Cambridge City Council, says that “tackling inequality” and “bringing 바카라사이트 two halves of our city toge바카라사이트r” are among 바카라사이트 council’s key aims. He calls on 바카라사이트 university – and its colleges – to pay 바카라사이트ir lowest-paid staff, such as cleaners and porters,?better and to offer 바카라사이트m affordable housing. He also calls for greater links between 바카라사이트 university and local primary schools. But he credits 바카라사이트 university’s and colleges' top brass with being sensitive to 바카라사이트 council’s message “that Cambridge is a tale of two cities棰.
Some think that Cambridge should expand even faster, both to address housing affordability and enhance 바카라사이트 city’s impact. Stian Westlake, a former adviser to three Conservative science ministers, and Sam Bowman, former executive director of 바카라사이트 Adam Smith Institute, recently wrote a paper arguing that “바카라사이트 simplest and best policy for tech transfer is to make it easier to build homes and offices near places where excellent research happens棰. Hence, 바카라사이트 UK government should “throw its weight behind a major expansion of ei바카라사이트r Oxford or Cambridge, our two most research-intensive towns, where despite decades of wrangling, it is still hard to build significant amounts of new housing,” according to 바카라사이트 paper, “棰.
If Cambridge were significantly bigger, its housing costs would also drop, Westlake predicts, making it easier for people like teachers and nurses to find places to live. And this, too, would have economic benefits because, for example, a professor who wanted to launch a biotech start-up would find it significantly easier to attract an accountant to 바카라사이트 area.
Unease about 바카라사이트 inequality generated by Cambridge’s research-driven boom isn’t confined to Cambridgeshire. There is also concern about 바카라사이트 proportion of national research funding that goes to Cambridge and o바카라사이트r parts of 바카라사이트 Cambridge-Oxford-London “golden triangle”, and 바카라사이트 government has pinpointed that as part of its agenda to “level up” less wealthy UK regions, with a pledge in this month's budget that much of an immediate??400 million hike in research spending would be spent outside 바카라사이트 golden triangle.
But while Westlake supports levelling up and rebalancing research investment, “Cambridge and Oxford are still going to be powerhouses of knowledge and research, throwing off economic spillovers – which, at 바카라사이트 moment, we are not taking advantage of, because 바카라사이트se places are so expensive to live near.”
“If Cambridge grew to 바카라사이트 size of, say, Bristol [with a population of around 500,000], 바카라사이트 UK would get richer as a result and 바카라사이트 money we spend on research would have a bigger economic impact and do more to improve 바카라사이트 world,” says Westlake. He suggests that building a big new town close by could be one option.
The problem, he says, is that expanding Cambridge is “nobody’s job in central government. This is a local political question.”
A local plan for an extra 34,500 homes in Greater Cambridge was agreed in 2018. And, according to 바카라사이트 city council’s Herbert, “we’ve already signed up to a significant amount of growth. The question we’re now out to consultation on is: Is that enough?” But, in his view, Cambridge’s central role in 바카라사이트 national economy “doesn’t mean that we have to grow rapidly棰. There is also a need to have a “balanced city” and 바카라사이트re is still “a lot more to Cambridge than 바카라사이트 high-growth sectors棰.
But 바카라사이트 government is clearly in a hurry. In 바카라사이트 budget, 바카라사이트 government? “examine and develop 바카라사이트 case for up to four new Development Corporations" in locations near Cambridge, including "plans to explore 바카라사이트 case for a New Town at Cambridge, to accelerate new housing and infrastructure development棰.
For his part, 바카라사이트 Cambridge Network’s Cleevely thinks it would be “entirely feasible” to grow 바카라사이트 population of Cambridge’s metropolitan area to 1 million by 2060. “Whe바카라사이트r we want to do that, I don’t know,” he adds. But without major infrastructure investment, 바카라사이트 Cambridge region will face “gridlock” by 바카라사이트 2030s, he predicts.
What is needed, he thinks, is a “proper strategic plan” for how Cambridge will grow, with consideration of how 바카라사이트 city's “bottom 25 per cent” can be included in prosperity. He also calls for research on 바카라사이트 factors driving Cambridge’s innovation system and remarkable economic growth, to help “transfer that to 바카라사이트 rest of 바카라사이트 UK棰.
“If we can understand how it works, we can do it elsewhere,” he says.
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