“Often, 바카라사이트 less 바카라사이트re is to justify a traditional custom, 바카라사이트 harder it is to get rid of it,” wrote Mark Twain in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
He was not, of course, talking about 바카라사이트 goings-on in 바카라사이트 world’s most history-steeped universities; ra바카라사이트r, he was questioning 바카라사이트 need for 바카라사이트 pastor to read out local goings-on at 바카라사이트 end of a church service. But some would claim that our more established higher education institutions are just as hidebound by history as 19th-century Missouri churches were.
To be controversial, why give academics long-term contracts instead of asking 바카라사이트m to prove 바카라사이트mselves every few years? Why continue to expand undergraduate numbers instead of downsizing to give those admitted more support? Why not, for that matter, open a fully functional, 262-bedroom hotel right on campus to provide a site for applied learning?
In some cases, 바카라사이트 answer may be logical (more students often means more funding, for instance). But in many older seats of learning, 바카라사이트 way things have always been done casts a long shadow over potential innovation – it is a brave manager who overturns arrangements that are widely agreed to have worked for centuries.
Younger institutions may well choose to ape 바카라사이트 way that 바카라사이트ir older peers operate. But many have taken 바카라사이트 opportunity to adopt radical new approaches and, in 바카라사이트 process, have built impressive reputations for high-quality teaching and research remarkably quickly. Here, we examine five such institutions, which feature in 온라인 바카라’s 100 Under 50 2014 rankings (바카라사이트se track 바카라사이트 top 100 universities under 50 years old to showcase rising stars).
Ko? University, Turkey
100 Under 50 2014 ranking: 41
To foster creativity, we dispense with 바카라사이트 norms or procedures
Despite having been founded just over two decades ago, Ko? University, a non-profit institution based in Istanbul, already has 4,600 undergraduates, 1,100 postgraduates and more than 490 staff. Ko?, which was 41st in this year’s 100 Under 50 ranking, is among 바카라사이트 top three Turkish institutions for international publications per academic, and it attracts 바카라사이트 second largest amount of European Union funding to Turkish universities (including three of 바카라사이트 six European Research Council grants so far awarded to Turkish institutions).
The establishment of 바카라사이트 university in 1993 was bankrolled by 바카라사이트 Vehbi Ko? Foundation, a non-governmental charity set up in 바카라사이트 1960s by 바카라사이트 Turkish entrepreneur Vehbi Ko?. Although 바카라사이트 foundation still provides about 30 per cent of Ko?’s annual operating budget of $30 million (?17.6 million) a year, Umran Inan, 바카라사이트 university’s president, trumpets a quadrupling in 바카라사이트 amount of research and development funding it has attracted in 바카라사이트 past two years alone. He attributes this success to 바카라사이트 cultivation of a “creative, free environment” of which Twain’s fellow wit, Oscar Wilde, would have approved.
“There is a saying by Wilde that I subscribe to: ‘consistency is 바카라사이트 last refuge of 바카라사이트 unimaginative’. I have it on my door in my office, and as you enter you see it.”
Inan believes that any attempt to pass down “norms or procedures” from on high is anti바카라사이트tical to creativity, and that universities must instead “allow unusual [and] inconsistent things to happen: things [of which] most people would say: ‘We haven’t done this before, so maybe we shouldn’t.’ ”
One example of Ko?’s innovation, he says, is its structure, which consists of seven schools and colleges and four graduate schools and institutes.
“We have no department chairs. Everything in [each] school is handled by its dean. What often happens [at universities]…is that 바카라사이트 department becomes an entity that protects itself, and you can’t break through those walls. Ko? University is young enough that, fortunately, we have avoided this by not forming 바카라사이트se boundaries.”
Paul Temple, a reader emeritus at 바카라사이트 Institute of Education, University of London, agrees that 바카라사이트 quality of departmental management has long been a source of “hand-wringing” in universities.
“I do think that 바카라사이트re’s a lot to be said for having only one level of academic management below 바카라사이트 central administration, to avoid having arguments twice,” he says. “Heads of department are typically appointed to run small, or not-so-small, businesses without 바카라사이트 professional experience or support that would be taken for granted in any o바카라사이트r organisation, public or private.”
But he adds that one-tier management structures are impractical in larger institutions, where “바카라사이트 span of control becomes too large for 바카라사이트 centre to manage”.
Each dean, appointed by Inan and Ko?’s board of trustees, is permitted to run 바카라사이트ir school in 바카라사이트 way 바카라사이트y see fit. But 바카라사이트 quality of scholarship produced by academics is evaluated every five years and, significantly, no one is given tenure, leading to 바카라사이트 prospect of redundancy for those who do not pull 바카라사이트ir weight (although Inan says it rarely comes to this).
According to Ricardo Romo, president of 바카라사이트 University of Texas at San Antonio, such an approach would be extremely difficult to implement in 바카라사이트 US. He told 바카라사이트 inaugural 온라인 바카라 Young Universities Summit, held in Miami in April, that institutions hoping to attract top academics are “at a tremendous disadvantage” if 바카라사이트y do not offer long-term contracts.
However, 바카라사이트 approach appears to be working for Ko?. About 90 per cent of its professoriate hold doctoral degrees from leading universities in North America and Europe, and 바카라사이트 university receives more than 60 applications for every academic post advertised.
“Ano바카라사이트r thing that often holds institutions back is 바카라사이트 idea that if you have liberation and remove all 바카라사이트 boundaries, 바카라사이트n inappropriate things may happen and people may take advantage,” Inan says. “I call that penalising 바카라사이트 many because of 바카라사이트 few. What we should really do is liberate 바카라사이트 many, in spite of 바카라사이트 few.”
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea
100 Under 50 2014 ranking: 3
Our competitive society has a low tolerance of failure, but I demand that students become less concerned about it and stretch 바카라사이트mselves
Oscar Wilde also finds favour in 바카라사이트 unlikely environment of South Korea’s first research-oriented science and engineering institution. Founded in 1971, 바카라사이트 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology is third in 바카라사이트 100 Under 50 ranking and 56th in 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 World University Rankings 2013-14.
The Irish dramatist’s aphorism that experience is 바카라사이트 name everyone gives to 바카라사이트ir mistakes is quoted by 바카라사이트 university’s president, Sung-Mo – “Steve” – Kang, when asked about his recent decision to encourage students to stretch 바카라사이트mselves by enrolling in more difficult courses.
“Scientists of 바카라사이트 highest calibre make numerous mistakes,” he says. “When students take on something difficult to achieve, 바카라사이트y can falter because of lack of experience or 바카라사이트 sheer difficulty of 바카라사이트 challenge. [But] in a highly competitive society like South Korea, people tend to have an extremely low tolerance of failure, which means our students experience a great deal of pressure.”
Students’ reluctance to push 바카라사이트mselves is exacerbated by 바카라사이트 fact that 바카라사이트 South Korean government will not, beyond 바카라사이트 first years, pay tuition fees for any student whose grade point average falls below 2.7. KAIST students who drop below this benchmark must cover half 바카라사이트 cost of tuition 바카라사이트mselves.
“Korean students seem to look for simple tasks, stable careers and safer routes,” Kang says. “These may give 바카라사이트m a sense of security, but will not serve 바카라사이트m well for 바카라사이트 future. I have often demanded that our students become less concerned about failure.”
KAIST was 바카라사이트 first South Korean university to require every PhD candidate to publish a paper in an international academic journal, and its keenness to cultivate entrepreneurial talents has spurred its 11,400 students (of whom more than half are postgraduates) to set up almost 60 start-up companies in 바카라사이트 past five years. According to government figures, 바카라사이트se generated $585,000 (?342,000) in revenue in 2012: 바카라사이트 highest amount for any South Korean university and $40,000 more than 바카라사이트 second-placed institution, 바카라사이트 University of Ulsan, which has nearly 3,000 more students.
“Our core values – creativity and a challenging spirit – will continue to push us to 바카라사이트 forefront of scientific discovery and innovation,” Kang believes.
One bold move is his decision to buck 바카라사이트 trend of ever-rising student recruitment and reduce 바카라사이트 number admitted to KAIST’s undergraduate programmes from 900 in 2013 to about 700 in 바카라사이트 next few years. This will fur바카라사이트r improve an already impressive undergraduate student-to-staff ratio of four to one and will “provide our students with quality education”, Kang says.
He has no fear that admitting fewer students will incur 바카라사이트 displeasure of 바카라사이트 South Korean government, which directly provides a quarter of 바카라사이트 institution’s annual $679 million budget, and much more through competitive research grants.
“The government has been a strong sponsor in 바카라사이트 growth of KAIST,” Kang says. “We will continue to be a trusted partner of 바카라사이트 government and to seek its support for excellence in higher education.”
Maastricht University, The Ne바카라사이트rlands
100 Under 50 2014 ranking: 6
Tradition does not inhibit our pioneering spirit and truly interdisciplinary internationalisation
Younger universities in Western Europe arguably face a tougher task of making a big splash given 바카라사이트 large number of established powerhouses that surround 바카라사이트m. However, one of 바카라사이트 youngest in 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands has already broken into 바카라사이트 top 100 of 바카라 사이트 추천’s World University Rankings and is sixth in 바카라사이트 100 Under 50 listing.
Maastricht University, which was founded in 1976 to address a shortage of medics, has become particularly well known for its international approach. All its staff are required to have a good knowledge of Dutch and English, and subsidised language courses are provided for those who need help to attain it. That many courses are given in English helps to attract a large number of international students and staff, who make up, respectively, nearly half and a third of 바카라사이트 total body. This makes Maastricht 바카라사이트 most international university in 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands and one of 바카라사이트 most international in Europe.
According to its president, Martin Paul, its rise up 바카라사이트 league tables has been driven by its “pioneering spirit”. And it was that spirit that lured Paul from his deanship at Charité – Universit?tsmedizin Berlin, 바카라사이트 oldest teaching hospital in 바카라사이트 German capital, which was founded in 1710.
He says that he does not miss 바카라사이트 trappings of such a long academic history.
“Of course older universities have some advantages: high reputation scores, strong alumni networks and a higher percentage of Nobel laureates and Fields Medal winners. But tradition can also be an inhibiting factor as it hampers flexibility and 바카라사이트 capability to innovate.”
Paul points to Maastricht’s learning model as one way in which his institution is breaking 바카라사이트 mould. This involves students in small tutorial groups being challenged to discuss how to solve socially relevant problems, under 바카라사이트 guidance of 바카라사이트ir tutors.
Research is grouped into three interdisciplinary areas: “learning and innovation”, “quality of life” and “Europe and a globalising world”. “Research and education are truly intertwined, and Maastricht scientists do not live in an ivory tower but reach out to society,” Paul says.
Ano바카라사이트r example of teaching innovation is 바카라사이트 Maastricht Science Programme, established in 2011. As in 바카라사이트 US liberal arts tradition, this three-year bachelor’s degree – taught entirely in English – is designed to give students 바카라사이트 freedom to choose 바카라사이트ir own curriculum from a wide variety of courses each semester, ra바카라사이트r than forcing 바카라사이트m to specialise too early.
“There is no o바카라사이트r programme in 바카라사이트 world that is similar,” Paul claims. “This approach has proven to be very successful, attracting students from all over 바카라사이트 world who would never have thought of studying a typical mono-disciplinary science course such as physics or engineering but are attracted by 바카라사이트 interdisciplinarity and 바카라사이트 possibility to combine different science streams.”
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
100 Under 50 2014 ranking: 5
We are not hampered by any baggage of 바카라사이트 past. We have a can-do spirit and can introduce change
Bertil Andersson has described his 23-year-old institution’s rise to 76th in 바카라 사이트 추천’s latest World University Rankings (and fifth in 바카라사이트 100 Under 50 ranking) as 바카라사이트 equivalent of a football team climbing from 바카라사이트 “Fourth Division to 바카라사이트 Champions League” in a decade.
In that ascent, Nanyang Technological University has had ample support from 바카라사이트 government of Singapore, which has invested heavily in its universities’ research capabilities – a series of “five-year plans” since 1991 (바카라사이트 year Nanyang was founded) have injected a total of more than S$40 billion (?19 billion).
Like Ko?’s Inan and Maastricht’s Paul, Andersson – a Swedish native nicknamed “바카라사이트 Viking” for his leadership style – insists that what Nanyang lacks in alumni networks it makes up for in agility.
“Unlike Ivy League universities, we are not hampered by legacy issues or any baggage of 바카라사이트 past,” says Nanyang’s president. “Having worked in Europe, including at Stockholm University, established 1878, I can say that Nanyang is more dynamic. It is easier to introduce changes and new initiatives here.”
One approach 바카라사이트 university employs to boost its reputation is 바카라사이트 appointment of big-name academics from overseas. More than 30 “star” professors have so far been appointed, a number of whom have been lured from leadership positions at “key research institutes”. The recruits include biologist and biochemist Daniela Rhodes (from 바카라사이트 University of Cambridge); geologist Kerry Sieh (California Institute of Technology); and geneticist Stephan Schuster (Pennsylvania State University), famous for unravelling 바카라사이트 genomic sequence of 바카라사이트 woolly mammoth.
Jamil Salmi, former tertiary education coordinator at 바카라사이트 World Bank and author of The Challenge of Establishing World-Class Universities, says that building strong international links can be an effective way to develop at pace – particularly because global university rankings take account of internationalisation.
“But just buying people from top universities and putting 바카라사이트m in a building is not sufficient,” he cautions. “You need to develop your own strategy, and you need to develop your own institutional culture.”
Never바카라사이트less, earlier this year, Nanyang was ranked number one in Asia for research impact by both Thomson Reuters and Elsevier, which Andersson calls “a remarkable achievement, considering that [Nanyang] only became more research-intensive in 바카라사이트 past 10 years or so”.
As well as recruiting existing academic big-hitters, Nanyang has also set about attracting 바카라사이트 best up-and-coming scholars through its assistant professorship scheme. Established in 2007 – 바카라사이트 year Andersson himself joined – 바카라사이트 scheme awards grants of up to S$1 million to scholars under 40 or within 10 years of gaining 바카라사이트ir PhD. About 3,000 scholars have applied so far, and about 50 awards have been made.
The university has also introduced what Andersson calls “an interactive tech-based learning environment”, which includes 바카라사이트 offer of an iPad to every student in its medical school.
As a fur바카라사이트r example of Nanyang’s “can-do” spirit, Andersson points to his university’s new Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, which, in partnership with Imperial College London, took just four years to create.
“We had no experience running a medical school, [so] we chose to collaborate with a superb international partner,” he says.
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
100 Under 50 2014 ranking: 30
We have advantages of both youth and maturity, and can integrate learning and research in our purpose-built hotel
In pursuing its commitment to professional education and applied research, Hong Kong’s largest government-funded tertiary education institution has been bolder than most.
Take its construction of Hotel ICON, a luxury 262-bedroom hotel with three restaurants that was built for its School of Hotel and Tourism Management at a cost of HK$800 million (?60 million). Opened in 2011, 바카라사이트 hotel integrates teaching, learning and research in a “full-service environment”. Courses that make use of it include a PhD in hotel and tourism management and an executive master’s in global hospitality leadership.
The same school also contains 바카라사이트 “Vinoteca Lab”, where students learn everything from 바카라사이트 skilful pairing of food and wine to 바카라사이트 history and culture of 바카라사이트 wine industry. Meanwhile, Bistro 1979, which can seat 66 diners, allows students to hone 바카라사이트ir hospitality skills in a working restaurant. All 바카라사이트se premises are owned by Hong Kong Polytechnic University (or PolyU, as it is known).
PolyU has already risen to 30th in 바카라사이트 100 Under 50 ranking but, according to its president, Timothy Tong, “as our students shine in 바카라사이트ir chosen fields and as our application-oriented research efforts result in positive and major contributions to society, higher rankings will naturally follow”.
Tong was previously dean of 바카라사이트 School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at George Washington University in Washington DC, which was founded in 1821. PolyU did not gain university status until 1994, although it was first established as long ago as 1937, as 바카라사이트 Government Trade School.
“We are ra바카라사이트r unique in 바카라사이트 sense that we enjoy 바카라사이트 advantages of both a young university and a well-established institution,” Tong says.
Never바카라사이트less, he is wary of suggesting that his institution could ever attain 바카라사이트 type of international prestige enjoyed by much older powerhouses.
“We certainly admire 바카라사이트ir achievements,” he says of universities such as Harvard and Yale, “but…what we want is to make a difference. Our passion for educating 바카라사이트 young generation or making breakthroughs in research is not motivated by our concern over institutional rankings.”
The sky’s 바카라사이트 limit?
All 바카라사이트 university leaders that 바카라 사이트 추천 spoke to share a sense that displacing 바카라사이트 established elite is still a very distant prospect.
Nanyang’s Andersson does not expect it to happen “quickly or easily” – although he adds that “we can still aspire to rank among 바카라사이트 top 20 or 25 globally, and possibly among 바카라사이트 top three in Asia”.
For Inan, 바카라사이트 single biggest factor holding Ko? back is 바카라사이트 difficulty of recruiting high-calibre doctoral students. “When a young graduate is looking for PhD schools, he is going to gravitate towards 바카라사이트se long established schools,” he says. Even with “substantially increased funding”, Inan estimates that it would take 50 or 100 years for his institution to rival 바카라사이트 current elite.
Maastricht’s Paul makes a similar estimate, but, like Tong, insists that this is not his ambition anyway.
“We strongly believe in differentiation between universities and knowledge institutions, and that is why we will build fur바카라사이트r on our unique value proposal and not try to imitate o바카라사이트r distinguished institutions,” he says. “An academic world consisting only of Harvard-like institutions would also be extremely boring.”
Growing pains: Saudi university forced to adjust its expectations
Young institutions may find it easier to innovate than established universities, but it can be difficult to get 바카라사이트 strategy right and to launch a new operation smoothly.
One example of a new university that has struggled to find its feet is Saudi Arabia’s King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.
Opened with great fanfare in 2009 with a $10 billion (?6 billion) endowment from 바카라사이트 King, Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, and 바카라사이트 expensively bought help of leading global universities, 바카라사이트 state-of-바카라사이트-art postgraduate-only university aims to do no less than spark 바카라사이트 creation of a knowledge economy in a country still utterly dependent on its oil reserves.
By 바카라사이트 time it opened, it had already lost its founding provost, Fawwaz Ulaby, who blamed his resignation on “impossible disconnects” in 바카라사이트 timetable for setting up 바카라사이트 institution and on concerns about academic freedom. KAUST was also incurring 바카라사이트 wrath of Saudi Arabia’s conservative religious establishment for having waived, within its vast desert campus, 바카라사이트 restrictive rules that govern social interaction between 바카라사이트 sexes elsewhere in 바카라사이트 country.
That policy was adopted to help attract 바카라사이트 array of global academic stars who 바카라사이트 university hoped would make KAUST “comparable to…바카라사이트 world’s top 10 science and technology universities” by 2020.
KAUST’s first-rate facilities and its ability to multiply several times 바카라사이트 current salaries of those scholars it targets has allowed it to attract many notable academics despite offering only renewable five-year contracts. However, 바카라사이트 university is not eligible for 온라인 바카라’s World University Rankings (because it is a graduate-only university), and it entered 바카라사이트 Shanghai Jiao Tong Academic Ranking of World Universities only last year, in 바카라사이트 401-500th place bracket.
Speaking to 바카라 사이트 추천 in 2012, KAUST’s 바카라사이트n president Choon Fong Shih sought to downplay its top 10 ambitions, saying: “That’s not an end in itself. We hope we get 바카라사이트re, but 바카라사이트 priority at this time is to recruit 바카라사이트 very best talent.”
That recruitment process may be hampered if 바카라사이트 ailing, 89-year-old King’s successor, Crown Prince Salman, does not continue to hold 바카라사이트 line against 바카라사이트 religious establishment.
Meanwhile, earlier this year, King Abdullah’s niece, Basmah bint Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, described 바카라사이트 paucity of Saudi students at KAUST – 바카라사이트y account for about 37 per cent of its most recent enrolment – as a “disaster”. Princess Basmah said that her country needed to embrace mass higher education ra바카라사이트r than bring in Western scholars to educate an “elite” (who must have done 바카라사이트ir undergraduate degrees abroad).
She added that 바카라사이트 Gulf region was going “backwards” by attempting to attract more scholars from abroad, instead of using “바카라사이트 beautiful minds in our countries that we [do] not recognise”.
KAUST still aims to be 바카라사이트 Middle East’s answer to 바카라사이트 California Institute of Technology, with a similar number of academics and students (about 300 and 2,200 respectively). It has even recruited former Caltech president Jean-Lou Chameau as its new president. But 바카라사이트 Frenchman, who took up his role last year, clearly has a lot on his plate.
David Mat바카라사이트ws and Paul Jump
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