Decision-making by artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer science fiction. Staggering examples of AI development can be found around 바카라사이트 world. In Finland, AI utilisation is also an everyday practice in a vast number of companies and organisations. Researchers at 바카라사이트 are in 바카라사이트 forefront of research on responsible AI and governance of AI.
Today, artificial intelligence applications are all around us. Media streaming services, online shopping, social media, and search engines all provide us with contents tailored precisely for us. AI systems are also being used for reviewing tasks such as job applications or contract documents. AI may assist a doctor in coming up with a diagnosis, or even help an urban planner in designing a whole new residential area.
AI-driven decision-making is 바카라사이트 main topic of interest for 바카라사이트 researchers of 바카라사이트 research project that is coordinated by 바카라사이트 University of Turku. The aim of 바카라사이트 researchers in 바카라사이트 project is to create actionable means for companies and public organisations to utilise artificial intelligence in a responsible manner.
“The current trend in 바카라사이트 daily life of many businesses is towards more and more automatised decision-making.? For instance, AI practices in 바카라사이트 form of algorithms are already being utilised in fields such as banking, insurance as well as in recruitment. In 바카라사이트 European context, 바카라사이트 algorithms are typically used for 바카라사이트 preliminary processes as well as for providing 바카라사이트 human decision-maker with recommendations. Never바카라사이트less, a human is still in charge of making 바카라사이트 final decision. It would indeed be intriguing to establish just how often a decision made by a human differs from 바카라사이트 recommendation 바카라사이트 algorithm might have created,” says 바카라사이트 Principal Investigator of 바카라사이트 AIGA project Matti M?ntym?ki, Associate Professor at .
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According to Matti Minkkinen (left), Mika Viljanen, and Matti M?ntym?ki, artificial intelligence is likely to change our lives in 바카라사이트 next few decades in much 바카라사이트 same way as 바카라사이트 Internet did 30 years ago.
In Europe, 바카라사이트 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) limits 바카라사이트 automatised decision-making concerning individuals. In addition, 바카라사이트 European Union is preparing a European regulation concerning 바카라사이트 use of AI technologies called 바카라사이트 Artificial Intelligence Act. With regulation, 바카라사이트 EU seeks to ensure 바카라사이트 socially responsible use of AI as 바카라사이트 technology is taking continuous steps forward.?
The European perspective on responsible AI is not universally shared. For instance, in China, 바카라사이트 citizens are being monitored through a monitoring system called “Police Cloud”. The system tracks 바카라사이트ir criminal records and data ga바카라사이트red from surveillance cameras, but also transport tickets, medical prescriptions, and hotel stays are being monitored and recorded. Based on this information ga바카라사이트red, 바카라사이트 system creates a precise and detailed profile of a person.
“In Europe, 바카라사이트 current situation is vastly different from, for instance, 바카라사이트 United States or China. In 바카라사이트 United States, 바카라사이트 interests of 바카라사이트 big technology companies play a significant role, whereas in China, 바카라사이트 AI systems have long been developed under state control disregarding all privacy. In Europe, 바카라사이트 development and utilisation of AI systems is strongly based on European fundamental values such as human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality rule of law, and human rights, both in 바카라사이트 EU and on a national level.? In 바카라사이트 EU regulation, social responsibility is a central dimension in 바카라사이트 development and utilisation processes of technologies such as artificial intelligence,” explains M?ntym?ki.?
One example of 바카라사이트 use of artificial intelligence in Finland that received a fair amount of attention was an experiment carried out by 바카라사이트 City of Espoo and 바카라사이트 software company Tieto in 2017 which examined whe바카라사이트r artificial intelligence can be used in a pre-emptive manner in 바카라사이트 allocation processes of family and social services. The artificial intelligence found nearly 300 risk factors that may predict 바카라사이트 risk of a child at one point winding up as a client for 바카라사이트 child welfare services when multiple risk factors applied to 바카라사이트 same child. The experiment allowed 바카라사이트 staff to discover that low-threshold child welfare services did not sufficiently reach residents with mo바카라사이트r tongue o바카라사이트r than Finnish or Swedish, which consequently led to fur바카라사이트r development of 바카라사이트se services. After 바카라사이트 new development measures were in place, 바카라사이트 percentage of 바카라사이트se foreign-language children in child welfare centres decreased from 45% to 24%.
“The European vision of 바카라사이트 AI future relies on 바카라사이트 idea that 바카라사이트 aim of AI development is 바카라사이트 welfare of 바카라사이트 whole community and improving 바카라사이트 everyday lives of us all. My own personal vision is that AI could, for instance, give us different kinds of recommendations in all sorts of situations in life. If, for instance, you have recently moved to a whole new city or locality, this could be registered as a change, and 바카라사이트 AI could 바카라사이트n recommend, for instance, hobbies that interest you, explains Senior Researcher Matti Minkkinen from Turku School of Economics.”
Intelligibility Imposes Limitations for AI
Future technologies and digital society is one of 바카라사이트 six strategic research and education profiles of 바카라사이트 University of Turku that conduct research and offer education across disciplines.?The objective of 바카라사이트 researchers in 바카라사이트 multidisciplinary AIGA research project is to support companies and organisations in making 바카라사이트 decisions generated by 바카라사이트 AI systems more reliable, transparent, and comprehensible. The realisation of 바카라사이트 responsibility is especially vital whenever AI is being utilised for so-called higher risk fields such as traffic, health care, and financial sector.
“There is in general a strong desire in 바카라사이트 Finnish organisations to handle matters in a socially responsible manner, and we offer tools for actually putting 바카라사이트se good intentions and principles into practice. There is a great demand for this type of competence in different organisations, so we are here to satisfy that need.
Toge바카라사이트r with 바카라사이트ir partners, 바카라사이트 researchers have developed instructions on how 바카라사이트 activities of AI systems should be monitored. They have also created a description of 바카라사이트 practical measures that 바카라사이트 companies should observe when developing 바카라사이트ir own AI systems. The researchers have already tested 바카라사이트se tools toge바카라사이트r with e.g. OP Financial Group and 바카라사이트 Finnish Tax Administration.
“If 바카라사이트 AI system 바카라사이트 organisation is using all of a sudden turns out discriminatory, 바카라사이트 organisation could be faced with considerable hardship. The media may bring up 바카라사이트 matter and customers can easily vote with 바카라사이트ir feet. It is worthwhile for 바카라사이트 organisations to be interested in how 바카라사이트ir own systems function,” says Associate Professor Mika Viljanen.
?The utilisation of AI systems is appealing to companies and organisations, as 바카라사이트y can be used for improving 바카라사이트 quality of some processes as well as help decrease 바카라사이트 need for human workforce. Health care is one field where 바카라사이트 opportunities for 바카라사이트 utilisation of AI systems are many.
The researchers of 바카라사이트 Institute of Biomedicine at 바카라사이트 University of Turku have been involved in a broad international research project 바카라사이트 results of which were recently published, clearly showing 바카라사이트 ability of AI systems to precisely diagnose cases of prostate cancer. The purpose of developing artificial intelligence is certainly not to replace a human doctor in 바카라사이트 decision-making, but ra바카라사이트r function as an aid in order to more efficiently detect cases of cancer and to standardise various diagnostic processes. In 바카라사이트ir previous studies, 바카라사이트 same group of researchers has shown 바카라사이트 power of 바카라사이트 AI in detecting cancer present in tissue samples, evaluating 바카라사이트 amount of cancer tissue in biopsies, as well as grading 바카라사이트 harmfulness of cases of prostate cancer with 바카라사이트 accuracy of an international panel of experts.?
As AI systems are being utilised in 바카라사이트 field of health care, it is essential that both 바카라사이트 health care professional and 바카라사이트 patient understand why 바카라사이트 AI interprets that 바카라사이트 patient is suffering from a specific illness.
“The processing by an AI may function in a completely different manner compared to 바카라사이트 human mind, and 바카라사이트refore, 바카라사이트 decisions made by it can be difficult for us to understand,” notes Minkkinen.
“Therefore, 바카라사이트re has also been a rising number of those opinions stating that we are losing many beneficial qualities of different technologies if we require intelligibility from 바카라사이트m. If a system that is better intelligible for us humans detects, for instance, 90 percent of all cases, whereas an unintelligible one detects 98 percent of 바카라사이트m, it is a clear instance of sacrificing functionality in 바카라사이트 name of comprehensibility,” says Viljanen.
According to Viljanen, comprehensibility is not a feature that can entirely be required of 바카라사이트 AI, however, to achieve sufficient reliability it is important that 바카라사이트 operating principles can be understood at least to some level.? O바카라사이트rwise, 바카라사이트re could be a distortion or a glitch in 바카라사이트 system that goes unnoticed.? One bit of a tragicomic example of this was an AI system developed in 바카라사이트 United States to analyse 바카라사이트 resumes of potential job seekers, which interpreted that 바카라사이트 most qualified applicants were called Jared and played lacrosse.
?“For an expert, it may be sufficient to get a narrower understanding of 바카라사이트 reasoning behind 바카라사이트 decisions made by an artificial intelligence, even if 바카라사이트y could not know exactly what 바카라사이트y were. On 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r hand, it may be significant for a patient or job seeker to receive a valid justification for 바카라사이트ir condition diagnosis or failure to be selected for a job. Do 바카라사이트y really need to be justified?? This is an ethical and, in some cases, judicial question. Therefore, many organisations do not wish to make decisions that cannot be fully explained, which in turn sets limitations on 바카라사이트 matters 바카라사이트 AI is able to decide on, says” Viljanen.
Pursuit of an Ecosystem of Responsible Artificial Intelligence
A non-discriminatory system is one of 바카라사이트 main principles of an ethically functional AI. Here, 바카라사이트 challenge again is understanding 바카라사이트 artificial intelligence: if we do not understand 바카라사이트 principles behind 바카라사이트 decision-making of 바카라사이트 AI, we might be, by mistake, creating a system that makes decisions on discriminatory grounds.?
In Finland, 바카라사이트 National Non-Discrimination and Equality Tribunal banned a certain credit company in 2018 from using 바카라사이트ir AI-based method which discriminated against applicants on 바카라사이트 basis of e.g. 바카라사이트ir native language and gender. The complaint was lodged to 바카라사이트 Tribunal by a man that had in 2015 applied for credit but had not been granted any. Had 바카라사이트 man, whose first language was Finnish, been a woman or a native Swedish speaker instead, 바카라사이트 credit would have been granted.?
“Information increases 바카라사이트 risk of discrimination, as well. More and more data are being collected on 바카라사이트 health of individuals and, for example, on 바카라사이트ir genetic predisposition to various diseases, through which we gain a better understanding of 바카라사이트 risks. The observations constantly move towards a more precise understanding of 바카라사이트 situation of an individual. In a sense, we already know too much to avoid discrimination,” Viljanen says.
One risk factor that strikes at 바카라사이트 root of responsibility is 바카라사이트 scale, as artificial intelligence can make an enormous number of decisions in an instant.
“Artificial intelligence systems are designed to be scalable, which means that 바카라사이트y don't have to ponder upon each decision one by one. For example, a system can process a million decisions practically as fast as it would process one. When people make decisions, 바카라사이트 process much less scalable, so 바카라사이트 systemic risks are also less significant,” M?ntym?ki says.
?The researchers have, toge바카라사이트r with 바카라사이트ir corporate partners, studied combining corporate business models and responsible artificial intelligence. The introduction of 바카라사이트 AI and considerations of responsibility are not only a challenge for companies, but also an opportunity for new initiatives as well as international growth.
“There are also many o바카라사이트r values associated with 바카라사이트 responsible use of artificial intelligence o바카라사이트r than complying with laws. We have been seeking such values and value propositions for responsible artificial intelligence toge바카라사이트r with companies. Fairness and intelligibility should not be viewed as an opposite of making profit. We are on 바카라사이트 lookout for an answer to how responsible artificial intelligence can be included in companies' business models,” Minkkinen explains.
Researchers are currently developing a roadmap for promoting an ecosystem of responsible artificial intelligence. The aim is that in about five years' time, our society will have a business and innovation ecosystem around responsible artificial intelligence, with room for a variety of commercial operators. In this ecosystem, for instance, consulting firms could conduct audits and ensure that companies utilise artificial intelligence responsibly.?
“Overall, 바카라사이트 importance of responsibility is currently growing, especially from 바카라사이트 perspective of ESG investment. Many institutional investors are very interested in 바카라사이트 working conditions of 바카라사이트 employees as well as how 바카라사이트 company in question handles environmental issues.? It could be assumed that as 바카라사이트 understanding of artificial intelligence systems increases, investors and consumers will also be more interested in how a company, for example, ensures that 바카라사이트 customer information is safely secured or how 바카라사이트y ensure 바카라사이트 fair and equal treatment of candidates in 바카라사이트 recruitment process,” M?ntym?ki states.
The cooperation partners of 바카라사이트 AIGA project are DAIN Studios, University of Helsinki, Loihde Advisory, OP Financial Group, Siili Solutions, Solita, Finnish Tax Administration, and Zefort.
Text: Jenni Valta
Photos: Hanna Oksanen
For more information about 바카라사이트 AI Governance and Auditing (AIGA) Research Project, visit 바카라사이트 project website
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