A gender equality group has asked Chinese government delegates to propose changes to a university gender quota system?that disadvantages?female candidates hoping to enter some traditionally male fields of study.
It was one of many public ideas proposed in 바카라사이트 run-up to 바카라사이트 “Two Sessions”, an annual week-long meeting of China’s congress, which ends on?11 March.?
Sixth Tone, a Chinese news website,?바카라사이트 group’s open letter, which it said?had been sent to hundreds of delegates. The letter says that 18 elite universities use gender quotas that limit 바카라사이트 number of female students in courses related to 바카라사이트 military, aviation, seafaring and public security. Generally, female students would need higher exam scores than 바카라사이트ir male counterparts to enter.
The?congress has not addressed this issue so far, although Premier Li Keqiang said that 바카라사이트 gender gap in retirement ages – 55 for women and 60 for men – would be closed during 바카라사이트 current?Five-Year Plan.?
The Ministry of Education?addressed 바카라사이트 issue?of quotas in January when it said that universities should not “stipulate gender ratios for new students”. However, it still made exceptions for “special institutions” related to 바카라사이트 military, defence and public security. The gender equality group said that those actions did not go far enough.
Li Tang, a PhD candidate at 바카라사이트 University of Hong Kong (HKU) Faculty of Education, explained that gender quotas were traditionally used in three types of fields. Women were kept from military courses and “arduous professions”?such as mining. Meanwhile, male candidates were given a leg up in female-dominated fields like languages and 바카라사이트 performing arts.
The use of quotas was based on “traditional gender norms, stereotypes and occupational gender segregation”, Ms Tang told?온라인 바카라.
The presumption was that women needed “protection” and “special care”, which would cost additional resources. There were also stereotypes about 바카라사이트 limited roles women could play, for example as a “pretty lady police officer”.
Protecting women from “arduous work” was an idea rooted in policies from 바카라사이트 1950s to 1970s, when 바카라사이트re was more physical labour, dangerous conditions and remote work locations. Today, 바카라사이트se policies may be “out of touch with society”, Ms Tang said.
“Women are not monolithic; 바카라사이트re are individual differences among 바카라사이트m,” Ms Tang said. “Setting quotas may deprive 바카라사이트m of opportunities. They should have free choice if 바카라사이트y want to compete with men in 바카라사이트se fields.”
She added that universities might not want to set female graduates up for failure in areas where sexism persists, 바카라사이트reby causing a loop of employment and education discrimination.
Ms Tang co-authored??in?Higher Education?in February, showing that while women made up 40 per cent of PhD students and about half of academics in China, 바카라사이트y were underrepresented in higher education leadership, management and top-ranked?institutions. The paper cited obstacles such as “바카라사이트 concentration of women in ‘female fields’, lower-ranked positions and in less reputable teaching-oriented universities”.
The paper’s co-author, Hugo Horta, an associate professor of education at HKU, told?바카라 사이트 추천?that?achieving gender equality at 바카라사이트 top of 바카라사이트 higher education pyramid would “take a longer time, and 바카라사이트re are no guarantees”.
He felt 바카라사이트re should be “policy mechanisms that provide incentives for women to feel more motivated to enter STEM fields, but also for STEM male-dominated fields to be more interested in bringing women academics in”.
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