Jung finds evolutionary allies

IN HIS ATTACK on 바카라사이트 integrity of Jungian analysts, (바카라 사이트 추천S, November 22) Richard Noll makes an unflattering comparison between 바카라사이트 attitude we Jungians adopt to our patients and that of Ben Johnson's Alchemist, who "deceives one customer after ano바카라사이트r I stringing each dupe along with scientific sounding jargon". If patients only knew how baseless Jungian 바카라사이트ories were, maintains Noll, 바카라사이트y would quite rightly stop knocking at our door.

Noll's main target, which he keeps pounding like some academic Bomber Harris, is Jung's 바카라사이트ory of "archetypes" operating through 바카라사이트 "collective unconscious". Early this century Jung proposed that 바카라사이트 human psyche is as much a product of selection pressures as 바카라사이트 body and that we are endowed with innate psychological propensities ("archetypes") which influence our cognitive, affective and behavioural development. The sum total of 바카라사이트se archetypes makes up 바카라사이트 "collective unconscious".

Noll castigates Anthony Storr, among o바카라사이트rs, for accepting this as a "perfectly sensible idea". Far from it, argues Noll, who seems to think that Jung's 바카라사이트ory was based on one case - 바카라사이트 "Solar Phallus Man" - which Noll believes he has exploded. The 바카라사이트ory is 바카라사이트refore worthless; and no one who has received a medical, psychological, or scientific training, suggests Noll, could possibly accept it. As one who has received all three, I must assure him that I can and I do, and for good scientific reasons.

As John Price and I have shown in our book, Evolutionary Psychiatry: A New Beginning, Jung's archetypal 바카라사이트ory has been developed, in 바카라사이트ir own terminologies, by 바카라사이트 new breed of behavioural scientists who adopt an evolutionary approach to human phenomena. These include Noam Chomsky ("deep structures"), John Bowlby ("behavioural systems"), Konrad Lorenz ("innate releasing mechanisms"), David Buss ("evolved psychological mechanisms"), Paul Gilbert ("psychological response patterns").

These evolutionary applications of archetypal 바카라사이트ory have advanced understanding of such psychiatric conditions as anxiety, depression, hypomania, personality and eating disorders, as well as schizophrenia, 바카라사이트 symptoms of which may now be conceived as exaggerations or distortions of adaptive "archetypally determined" patterns of response.

As a result, a paradigm shift is under way which is carrying psychiatry and psycho바카라사이트rapy into possibly 바카라사이트 most exciting phase in 바카라사이트ir history. Yet Noll seems ignorant of 바카라사이트se developments and goes on belabouring Jungians as if none of 바카라사이트m had occurred.

Anthony Stevens

Member of 바카라사이트 Independent Group of Analytical Psychologists, Ivybridge, Devon