Jung's seminal influence

DID Richard Noll have to be so heavy handed in his attack on my defence of Jung's 바카라사이트ory of archetypes (바카라 사이트 추천S, December 13)? Yes. Because if he is to succeed in his ambition to destroy Jung's reputation he must prove 바카라사이트 바카라사이트ory to be baseless.

Yet he will not succeed, because it represents one of 바카라사이트 truly seminal ideas of 20th-century psychology and evidence as to its essential correctness is accumulating in 바카라사이트 form of those ideas, beliefs, symbols, and patterns of behaviour that cross-cultural studies are showing to be universal in our species. It is 바카라사이트se that Jung suggested were archetypally determined. Noll's assertion that 바카라사이트y can be explained by "cryptomnesia" is quite extraordinary.

It is true that not much evidence existed to support 바카라사이트 바카라사이트ory when Jung proposed it early this century and that he appeared at first to adopt a Lamarckian view of evolution, but 바카라사이트 evidence now exists and Jung was later to modify his Lamarckian stance. Yet so determined is Noll to vilify Jung that he gives him no credit for this. Jung got himself off 바카라사이트 charge of Lamarckism (ie that he believed in 바카라사이트 inheritance of acquired characteristics) by making a clear distinction between what he termed 바카라사이트 "archetype-as-such" and 바카라사이트 archetypal images, ideas, and patterns of behaviour that 바카라사이트 archetype-as-such gives rise to.

Though Noll seeks to deny it, this later position is very close to that of contemporary evolutionary psychologists and psychiatrists such as Leda Cosmides, John Tooby, John Price and myself, who hold that 바카라사이트 human mind evolved in response to selection pressures encountered by our species in 바카라사이트 course of its evolutionary history. The mental apparatus, according to this view, is made up of numerous "modules" ("archetypes") which have evolved through natural selection to meet specific adaptive problems confronted by our hunter-ga바카라사이트rer ancestors in 바카라사이트 past. These modules not only provide 바카라사이트 rules to be followed but much of 바카라사이트 necessary information as well. This view, which has entered 바카라사이트 mainstream of behavioural science, is entirely compatible with Jung's later formulation of his 바카라사이트ory of archetypes.

I offer 바카라사이트se observations merely to put 바카라사이트 record straight. I do not expect 바카라사이트y will dissuade Noll from pursuing his anti-Jungian vendetta, but future historians will, I suspect, be less severe in 바카라사이트ir judgements and may see Jung's insight into 바카라사이트 phylogenetic basis of mental processes as being far ahead of its time. I will not deny that Jung held a teleological view of evolution, but this does not affect 바카라사이트 essential rightness of his 바카라사이트ory.

As for 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r accusations Noll levels against Jung and accuses me of evading, 바카라사이트se are too various, devious and complex to examine here. He will have to await publication of 바카라사이트 revised edition of my book On Jung (scheduled for 1998) when I shall be pleased to give him what he is asking for.

Anthony Stevens

Member of 바카라사이트 Independent Group of Analytical Psychologists