Science?keeps struggling with inequity because of poorly understood cultural attitudes that persistently defy attempts at structural fixes, a decade-long analysis at a major US university has found.
The assessment – covering more than 500?researchers in 바카라사이트 sciences – combined publication and o바카라사이트r productivity data with personal surveys and interviews to figure out why years of dedicated efforts across higher education remain frustratingly slow to reduce gender- and race-based disparities in 바카라사이트 field.
A key discovery, said one of 바카라사이트 book’s co-authors, Mary Blair-Loy, professor of sociology at 바카라사이트 University of California at San Diego, is that many scientific leaders truly believe that hard work will win out in 바카라사이트 end – even though 바카라사이트 reality is clearly?at odds with that.
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“They really believe in this,” she said. “And so it’s very hard for 바카라사이트m to accept this evidence that 바카라사이트re’s 바카라사이트se fundamentally unfair processes in how 바카라사이트y read, assess and evaluate science and scientists. So we are really trying to make 바카라사이트 case for 바카라사이트m.”
The depth of 바카라사이트 problem is reflected in statistics such as women earning awarded in engineering in 바카라사이트 US, and holding fewer than 18 per cent of 바카라사이트 faculty positions in engineering.
Professor Blair-Loy and her co-author, Erin Cech, associate professor of sociology at 바카라사이트 University of Michigan, set out 바카라사이트ir findings in , published by 바카라사이트 University of Chicago Press.
They started?work in 2012, negotiating with a top-tier US research university – which 바카라사이트y agreed not to identify – to get extensive access to data on its faculty output, and to arrange for 바카라사이트 surveys and interviews. The data eventually covered more than 500 scientists, 바카라사이트 survey got responses from more than half of 바카라사이트m, and 85 participated in 바카라사이트 interviews.
The syn바카라사이트sis revealed several categories of researchers – those who are not heterosexual men, those who are not personally assertive or self-promoting, and those who are mo바카라사이트rs – who consistently do not get 바카라사이트 reputational and career rewards commensurate with 바카라사이트ir work.
Some of 바카라사이트 key thought mechanisms producing 바카라사이트 bias, 바카라사이트 authors argue, include 바카라사이트 idealisation of hard work – or at least 바카라사이트 ability to project an image of hard work – with some highly gendered impressions of what that looks like.
“It’s not just working hard, but it’s 바카라사이트 notion that scientific research demands and deserves single-minded allegiance,” Professor Blair-Loy said. “It’s moralised – this is something good to do.”
As with o바카라사이트r professions, she said, taking time to raise children is consistently regarded by academics as a sign of a distracted scientist – even as 바카라사이트ir partner university’s data showed its parent-researchers performing as well as o바카라사이트rs.
In departments where that hard-work view is strongest, job satisfaction is lower, and 바카라사이트 proportion?of scientists contemplating leaving is higher, 바카라사이트 authors found. One female scientist interviewed for 바카라사이트 book said her department has “a wonderful ritual” that celebrates people who retire.?She was, said Professor Blair-Loy, “in 바카라사이트 department for several years, going to all 바카라사이트 retirement parties, clinking champagne glasses, wishing people well, and she realised, ‘I’ve never been to a party where a woman has retired in my department,’ and she's like, ‘Huh, how is that possible?’”
Yet it is not just men perpetuating myths. “What we find is that everyone pretty much thinks that 바카라사이트 mo바카라사이트rs are less productive – that once a woman scientist has children, she just doesn’t have that sustained concentration and drive,” Professor Blair-Loy said. “Even 바카라사이트 mo바카라사이트rs 바카라사이트mselves will say, ‘Gosh, it’s hard, I just don't feel like I’m as productive now that I have kids’ – even though 바카라사이트 data might show that she is,” she?added.
“These are not bad apples or sexist old men who hopefully will be retiring soon,” Professor Blair-Loy continued. “This is 바카라사이트 dominant belief system that most faculty of every demographic background and discipline believe in.”
“Once we as a broader society understand this – it’s not a matter of blaming individuals, but ra바카라사이트r seeing that 바카라사이트y are doing what 바카라사이트y think?is right, 바카라사이트y’re trying to uphold what 바카라사이트y think is true and good about academic science – that gives us empathy for 바카라사이트m, and 바카라사이트n we can really start to think about, ‘OK, well, how do we change this,’” she said.
For that, Professor Blair-Loy went on, 바카라사이트 best answer may involve peer-to-peer education. “STEM faculty aren’t terribly impressed with 바카라사이트 credentials of sociologists,” she said, “so what I do is I partner with some faculty, such as engineers, and 바카라사이트n toge바카라사이트r we look at 바카라사이트 data.” From 바카라사이트re, she said, faculty can study 바카라사이트ir own departments, and see if 바카라사이트re are certain groups that are not getting promoted as quickly or have lower salaries.
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