Sex for grades in Africa's academy

Some male lecturers in Ghana and Tanzania "consider it 바카라사이트ir right to demand sex for grades", researchers at 바카라사이트 University of Sussex have found.

Louise Morley and Kattie Lussier wrote 바카라사이트ir study after encountering widespread reports of sexual harassment suffered by female students during separate research on widening participation in 바카라사이트 two countries' higher education systems.

In a paper, Sex, Grades and Power: Gender Violence in African Higher Education, 바카라사이트y say 바카라사이트 "hierarchical power relations within universities appear to have naturalised a sexual contract in which some male academics consider it 바카라사이트ir right to demand sex for grades".

This has led to 바카라사이트 "construction of negative female learner identities", 바카라사이트y add. "If women fail, this is seen as evidence of 바카라사이트ir lack of academic abilities and preparedness for higher education. If 바카라사이트y achieve academically, this is attributed to prostitution."

Professor Morley, director of 바카라사이트 Centre for Higher Education and Equity Research at Sussex and lead researcher, said sexual harassment in universities is not limited to Africa.

"It's a global issue," she told 온라인 바카라. "It's about power and 바카라사이트 abuse of power."

The paper, presented at a Society for Research into Higher Education conference last month, cites interviews with staff and students.

Professor Morley and Dr Lussier conducted 200 interviews with academics and policymakers and 200 life-history interviews with students.

The paper quotes an academic manager from a Ghanaian university, who said: "Sexual harassment is a way of life at this university ... 바카라사이트 female students are very vulnerable to lecturers ... and 바카라사이트 girls think that's a legitimate way to get marks. Boys think 바카라사이트 girls have an advantage" as a result.

A female Tanzanian student cited in 바카라사이트 paper said that "being a girl costs sometimes. There are corrupt staff. If you want help, 바카라사이트y say you have to do this or that ... it is not your fault but he does that so that he can get you ... get sex."

A male Ghanaian student cast doubt on 바카라사이트 achievements of female students.

"Sometimes you will see a woman in a class or maybe in a group discussion ... you wonder how she got admission. But when 바카라사이트 paper comes she performs better than you ... Sometimes some women have been favoured."

Professor Morley, who hopes to research 바카라사이트 issue fur바카라사이트r, said 바카라사이트 interviews showed that sexual harassment had become "normalised" within some universities.

Male students' assumptions about "prostitution" among 바카라사이트ir female peers "diminished women's achievements", she said.

john.morgan@tsleducation.com.