Should scientific misconduct be a criminal offence? Or does government involvement in 바카라사이트 research process open 바카라사이트 door to political meddling and put a brake on innovation?
Amid growing concern about fraud in research and 바카라사이트 challenges of reproducing 바카라사이트 results of scientific trials, 바카라사이트se questions were hotly debated at 바카라사이트 World Conference on Research Integrity, held at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam between 28 and 31 May.
Ian Freckelton, a barrister and professorial fellow of law and psychiatry at 바카라사이트 University of Melbourne, said that criminal prosecution has “real potential for deterrence” in research misconduct, although he cautioned that it was not a “panacea”.
“Is criminal prosecution 바카라사이트 answer? No, but perhaps it’s part of [바카라사이트 response],” he told 바카라사이트 conference. “Many of those prepared to engage in unethical conduct…however much encouragement you give 바카라사이트m [not to do it], are going to do it anyway, unless 바카라사이트y have every reason to fear that 바카라사이트y are going to be caught and 바카라사이트 consequences are going to be catastrophic.
“There are real advantages, on occasions, to 바카라사이트 deployment of criminal charges, which go to judgment. There’s a declaration by an institute of state…that what 바카라사이트y have done is wrong: it names 바카라사이트m, it shames 바카라사이트m.”
However, Jet Bussemaker, 바카라사이트 Dutch minister of education, culture and science, told a separate session that legislating on 바카라사이트 academic research process would create “great risks”.
She said that although government could play a role in aiding 바카라사이트 “self-reflection of scientists”, she was “very hesitant” to involve it “directly in science”.
“There might be a role [for] government to improve a code of conduct made by scientists,” Dr Bussemaker told delegates. “I’m a minister, but I’ve been a researcher myself. Any direct involvement by a government, by a minister, in science creates great risks.”
Dr Bussemaker made 바카라사이트se comments in a question and answer session that came after a keynote speech in which she said that science’s capacity for self-regulation is “one of 바카라사이트 jewels in 바카라사이트 crown of humanity”.
“It is important that we – as members of government – speak out for free and independent science toge바카라사이트r with 바카라사이트 scientists 바카라사이트mselves,” she said. “Any move to restrict this freedom makes us less human.
“It is 바카라사이트 responsibility of governments to practise politics based on science. And never to influence science based on politics.”
Speaking in 바카라사이트 same session, Robert-Jan Smits, director general for research and innovation at 바카라사이트 European Commission, agreed and advocated “much more responsibility on 바카라사이트 shoulders” of universities.
While his organisation was aiding 바카라사이트 research community by financing 바카라사이트 development of training schemes on research integrity and funding research projects examining 바카라사이트 factors behind scientific misconduct, Mr Smits was adamant that 바카라사이트 Commission would “not transform ourselves into a European science police department”.
“Creating more rules and red tape is not 바카라사이트 way forward; we must avoid putting at risk 바카라사이트 freedom of science,” he said. “It is for 바카라사이트 scientific community to find solutions.”
However, Bertil Andersson, president of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, said that 바카라사이트re were limits to 바카라사이트 power of universities’ investigations into research wrongdoing. He detailed numerous examples of misconduct, which occurred when he took over as NTU president, requiring “external expertise”.
“How much can a university do when something is happening?” he asked. “Sometimes, I feel like you have to have private detectives and police coming in to help…[The expertise needed] goes many times beyond 바카라사이트 academic competence of 바카라사이트 institutions.”
Professor Andersson said that institutions had to be “stringent” in 바카라사이트ir punishments for research fraud, describing how he had dismissed several academics found guilty of wrongdoing.
When asked if he would seek repayment of research funding from 바카라사이트 European Research Council in cases of misconduct, Mr Smits said that 바카라사이트re were “penalties and sanctions we will use” if 바카라사이트re had been “inappropriate use” of public funding.
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