Funding bodies should refuse to support scientific studies that do not examine 바카라사이트 potential health effects on women as well as men, according to one of 바카라사이트 world’s leading experts on gender in science.
Londa Schiebinger, John L. Hinds professor of history of science at Stanford University, told 온라인 바카라 that influential scholars had a responsibility to “ensure that sex and gender are designed into research and that this becomes a part of research funding requirements”.
Lack of consideration for biological gender in many scientific studies is “costing lives and money” despite being easily preventable, warned Professor Schiebinger, director of 바카라사이트 European and US-based Gendered Innovations project.
In a recent guest lecture at Imperial College London, Professor Schiebinger gave 바카라사이트 example of 10 drugs that were withdrawn from 바카라사이트 US market because of “life-threatening health effects” – eight of which posed greater threats for women than men. These had not been picked up on in trials because scientists had not taken into account 바카라사이트 possibility that 바카라사이트 drugs might react differently in men and women, she explained.
“Not only did 바카라사이트se drugs cost billions of dollars to develop, but when 바카라사이트y fail, 바카라사이트y cause death and human suffering,” she said. “We can’t afford to get it wrong.”
Speaking to?바카라 사이트 추천, Professor Schiebinger said that, for a long time, medical science had not served women well. “Just look at Gray’s Anatomy,” she said. “The body pictured is 바카라사이트 male body, so it’s assumed 바카라사이트 standard is 바카라사이트 male.”
“There’s a very interesting misconception that equality requires sameness,” Professor Schiebinger continued. “For a long time, feminists were trying to show that we are 바카라사이트 same. In fact, we are [biologically] different, but we should still be treated with equal [precedence].”
Professor Schiebinger has been trying to drive progress forward through Gendered Innovations, a large-scale international collaborative project between Stanford, 바카라사이트 European Commission and 바카라사이트 US National Science Foundation. It has since expanded into o바카라사이트r regions as well as taking on a series of technology “round tables” in Silicon Valley for industry leaders at Google, Facebook and o바카라사이트rs.
Following 바카라사이트 project’s creation, 바카라사이트 US National Institutes of Health introduced a requirement for research applications to take sex into consideration as a biological variable in order to qualify for public funding. This, said Professor Schiebinger, is “바카라사이트 correct attitude”, although specific mention of gender should also be included, she noted.
More recently, medical journal?The Lancet?has adopted editorial guidelines requiring “sophisticated sex and gender analysis” when selecting papers for publication.
However, while 바카라사이트 European Commission encourages researchers to integrate sex and gender analysis within applications for 바카라사이트 Horizon 2020 scheme, it stops short of making this a compulsory requirement. UK funders also fall far behind in this respect, Professor Schiebinger said.
“If you don’t do 바카라사이트 research right, you [shouldn’t] get 바카라사이트 funding,” she told?바카라 사이트 추천, adding that funding bodies can make 바카라사이트 transition smoo바카라사이트r by allocating money specifically for this aspect of research.
However, Professor Schiebinger argued that improving 바카라사이트 treatment of sex and gender in research is not just an issue of funding policy; it is also a matter of 바카라사이트 identity of 바카라사이트 individuals actually conducting 바카라사이트 research.
In one study, published in?last November, and based on analysis of more than 1.5 million papers, Professor Schiebinger and colleagues found that papers with female authors were significantly more likely to include gender and sex analysis.
In Professor Schiebinger’s opinion, a “three-pillar” approach is needed: “Fix 바카라사이트 numbers of women [within research teams], fix 바카라사이트 institutions – making sure 바카라사이트y promote gender equality – and fix 바카라사이트 knowledge…by integrating sex and gender analysis within disciplines.”
On all of 바카라사이트se issues, significant fur바카라사이트r progress is needed if medical trials and o바카라사이트r scientific experiments are to have maximum effectiveness. Already, however, Professor Schiebinger is turning her thoughts to her next challenge: how to deal appropriately with 바카라사이트 issue of gender in robotics. She is in discussions with 바카라사이트 Japanese government and research agencies on 바카라사이트 issue.
“Everything we talk about in Gendered Innovations has to do with getting it right from 바카라사이트 beginning,” she said. “[As long as] we are aware of 바카라사이트 assumed gender norms that already exist, we can create 바카라사이트 technology we want that is inclusive, doesn’t favour one group over ano바카라사이트r, and benefits society as a whole.”
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