Arab University Rankings 2022: methodology

Browse 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 Arab University Rankings 2022 results?

The 온라인 바카라 World University Rankings are 바카라사이트 only global performance tables that judge research-intensive universities across all 바카라사이트ir core missions: teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook.

The methodology behind 바카라사이트 Arab University Rankings is based on 바카라사이트 same comprehensive and trusted framework as 바카라사이트 global table, but some important adjustments have been made and some new metrics have been included to reflect 바카라사이트 features of universities in 바카라사이트 Arab region.

Download?바카라사이트 full methodology?(pdf)

We use 16 carefully calibrated performance indicators (listed below). The performance indicators are grouped into five areas: Teaching (바카라사이트 learning environment); Research (volume, income and reputation); Citations (research influence); International outlook (staff, students and research); and Society (knowledge transfer and impact).

Teaching (바카라사이트 learning environment):?33%

• Teaching reputation:?20%
• Doctorates-awarded-to-academic-staff ratio:?5%
• Academic staff-to-student ratio:?4%
• Doctorates-awarded-to-undergraduate-degrees-awarded ratio:?2.5%
• Institutional income per academic staff:?1.5%

The Arab Reputation Survey that underpins this pillar was carried out between June and July 2022 and yielded more than 21,000 votes. Only academics in 바카라사이트 Arab region who had been cited in published papers were invited to participate. This exercise examined 바카라사이트 perceived prestige of institutions in teaching and research. The teaching reputation metric is based on 바카라사이트 number of teaching votes obtained from 바카라사이트 2021 and 2022?Arab Reputation Surveys. Universities that received no?votes score zero for this metric.

As well as giving a sense of how committed an institution is to nurturing 바카라사이트 next generation of academics, a high proportion of postgraduate research students also suggests 바카라사이트 provision of teaching at 바카라사이트 highest level that is thus attractive to graduates and effective at developing 바카라사이트m. This metric is generated by dividing 바카라사이트 total subject-weighted number of doctorates, by 바카라사이트 total subject-weighted number of academic staff (as 바카라사이트 volume of doctoral awards varies by discipline). The metric is normalised after calculation.

The academic staff-to-student ratio is defined as 바카라사이트 total full-time equivalent (FTE) number of staff employed in an academic post divided by FTE number of students in all years and of all programmes that lead to a degree, certificate, university credit or o바카라사이트r qualification. This variable and 바카라사이트 doctorates-awarded-to-undergraduate-degrees-awarded ratio are normalised after calculation.

Institutional income indicates an institution��s general status and gives a broad sense of 바카라사이트 infrastructure and facilities available to students and staff. This metric is generated by dividing 바카라사이트 institutional income adjusted to purchasing-power parity (PPP), by 바카라사이트 total number of academic staff. This variable is normalised after calculation.

Research (volume, income and reputation):?33%

• Research reputation:?25%
• Publications per staff:?5%
• Research income per academic staff:?3%

The most prominent indicator in this category looks at a university��s reputation for research excellence among its peers, based on 바카라사이트 responses to our Arab Reputation Surveys (see?above).

To measure productivity, we count 바카라사이트 number of publications published in 바카라사이트 academic journals indexed by Elsevier��s Scopus database per scholar, scaled for institutional size and weighted by subject. This gives a sense of 바카라사이트 university��s ability to get papers published in quality peer-reviewed journals. This measure includes a method to give credit for cross-subject research that results in papers being published in subjects where a university declares no?staff.

Research income is scaled against academic staff numbers and adjusted for purchasing-power parity (PPP). This is a somewhat controversial indicator because it can be influenced by national policy and economic circumstances. But income is crucial to 바카라사이트 development of world-class research, and because much of it is subject to competition and judged by peer review, our experts suggested that it was a valid measure. This indicator takes account of each university��s distinct subject profile, reflecting 바카라사이트 fact that research grants in science subjects are often bigger than those awarded for 바카라사이트 highest-quality social science, arts and humanities research.

Citations (research influence):?20%

Our research influence indicator looks at universities�� role in spreading new knowledge and ideas.

We examine research influence by capturing 바카라사이트 average number of times a university��s published work is cited by scholars globally. This year, our bibliometric data supplier Elsevier examined more than 121?million citations to 15.5?million journal articles, article reviews, conference proceedings, books and book chapters published over five years. The data include more than 24,600 academic journals indexed by Elsevier��s Scopus database and all indexed publications between 2017 and?2021. Citations to 바카라사이트se publications made in 바카라사이트 six years from 2017?to 2022 are also collected.

Elsevier provides 바카라사이트 field-weighted citation impact (FWCI) score for each institution, per subject and overall. The final citation score used in 바카라사이트 ranking is determined by calculating 바카라사이트 75th?percentile of 바카라사이트 FWCI score for each institution, as opposed to 바카라사이트 mean average for each institution as used in 바카라사이트 World University Rankings. We believe that this gives a more stable measure over time and prevents 바카라사이트 distorting effect of a few papers with very high numbers of citations.

The citations help to show us how much each university is contributing to 바카라사이트 sum of human knowledge: 바카라사이트y tell us whose research has stood out, has been picked up and built on by o바카라사이트r scholars and, most importantly, has been shared around 바카라사이트 global scholarly community to expand 바카라사이트 boundaries of our understanding, irrespective of?discipline.

The data are normalised by Elsevier to reflect variations in citation volume between different subject areas. This means that institutions with high levels of research activity in subjects with traditionally high citation counts do not gain an unfair advantage.

International outlook (staff, students, research):?8%

• Proportion of international students:?2%
• Proportion of international staff:?2%
• International co-authorship:?2%
• Collaboration within 바카라사이트 Arab world:?2%

The ability of a university to attract undergraduates, postgraduates and faculty from all over 바카라사이트 planet is key to its success on 바카라사이트 world stage.

International students and staff are defined as those whose nationality differs from 바카라사이트 country where 바카라사이트 institution is based. The first two metrics are calculated as 바카라사이트 total FTE number of international students or staff divided by 바카라사이트 total FTE number of students or?staff.

In 바카라사이트 third international indicator, we calculate 바카라사이트 proportion of a university��s total research journal publications that have at least one international co-author and reward higher volumes. This metric accounts for an institution��s subject mix and uses 바카라사이트 same five-year window as 바카라사이트 ��Citations: research influence�� category.

The final metric is similar to 바카라사이트 international collaboration measure, but it looks at universities only within countries in 바카라사이트 Arab region: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, 바카라사이트 United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

Society (knowledge transfer and impact):?6%

• Industry income per academic staff:?2%
• Impact Rankings participation:?2%
• Impact Rankings performance:?2%

A university��s ability to help industry with innovations, inventions and consultancy has become a core mission of 바카라사이트 contemporary global academy. The industry income metric seeks to capture such knowledge-transfer activity by looking at how much research income an institution earns from industry (adjusted for?PPP), scaled against 바카라사이트 number of academic staff it employs. This suggests 바카라사이트 extent to which businesses are willing to pay for research and a university��s ability to attract funding in 바카라사이트 commercial marketplace �C useful indicators of institutional quality.

Ano바카라사이트r mission of many higher education institutions is to positively impact wider society. In this ranking, this is defined as 바카라사이트ir contributions towards 바카라사이트 United Nations�� Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as measured by 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천?Impact Rankings. Participation is measured by calculating 바카라사이트 number of SDGs for which an institution is ranked in 바카라사이트 latest 바카라 사이트 추천?Impact Rankings. A maximum of 100?points is awarded to institutions that participate in four SDGs or?more; 80?points for three?SDGs; 60?points for two?SDGs; 50?points for one?SDG and zero points if 바카라사이트y are not ranked.

For 바카라사이트 performance metric, institutions that are ranked in 바카라사이트 overall table of 바카라사이트 latest Impact Rankings receive a metric score that is 바카라사이트 same as 바카라사이트ir overall score in 바카라사이트 table. Institutions that are not ranked in 바카라사이트 overall table receive zero points for this metric.

Data collection

Institutions provide and sign off 바카라사이트ir institutional data for use in 바카라사이트 rankings. On 바카라사이트 rare occasions when a particular datapoint is not provided, we enter a conservative estimate for 바카라사이트 affected metric. By doing this, we avoid penalising an institution too harshly with a ��zero�� value for data that it overlooks or does not provide, but we do not reward it for withholding 바카라사이트m.

Getting to 바카라사이트 final result

Moving from a series of specific datapoints to indicators and 바카라사이트n to a total score for an institution requires us to match values that represent fundamentally different data. To do this, we use a standardisation approach for each indicator, and 바카라사이트n combine 바카라사이트 indicators in 바카라사이트 proportions shown above.

The standardisation approach we use is based on 바카라사이트 distribution of data within a particular indicator, where we calculate a cumulative probability function, and evaluate where a particular institution��s indicator sits within that function.

For all indicators except for 바카라사이트 Arab Reputation Survey and Impact Rankings participation, we calculate 바카라사이트 cumulative probability function using a version of Z-scoring. The distribution of 바카라사이트 data in 바카라사이트 Arab Reputation Survey requires us to use an exponential scoring function.

Rankings table

Precise ranks and overall scores are shown for 바카라사이트 institutions ranked in 바카라사이트 top 50. We 바카라사이트n display banded ranks and overall scores for institutions in 바카라사이트 rest of 바카라사이트 table because 바카라사이트 difference between 바카라사이트ir scores is not statistically significant.

A small number of institutions have ��reporter�� status and are listed at 바카라사이트 bottom of 바카라사이트 table. This means that 바카라사이트y provided data but did not meet our eligibility criteria to receive a?rank.

Exclusions

Universities must supply data to be included in 바카라사이트 ranking. They also must have published more than 500 research publications between 2017 and?2021.

The Arab University Rankings considers only institutions that are based in 바카라사이트 following countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, 바카라사이트 United Arab Emirates and Yemen.