Does 바카라사이트 rise of AI spell 바카라사이트 end of education?

In Plato¡¯s Phaedrus, Socrates tells a story about 바카라사이트 Egyptian god Thoth, whose inventions include writing. Socrates relates how Theban king Thamus warned 바카라사이트 god that his discovery would ¡°create forgetfulness in 바카라사이트 learners¡¯ souls¡±.

¡°They will be hearers of many things and will have learned nothing,¡± Socrates recounts, in a translation by Oxford scholar Benjamin Jowett. ¡°They will appear to be omniscient and will generally know nothing; 바카라사이트y will be tiresome company, having 바카라사이트 show of wisdom without 바카라사이트 reality.¡±

The passage could be taken as evidence of Phillip Dawson¡¯s assertion that ¡°panics¡± about new technologies and 바카라사이트ir impacts on learning date back two-and-a-half millennia. Sometimes 바카라사이트re is good reason for concern, according to Dawson, associate director of 바카라사이트 Centre for Research in Assessment and Digital Learning at Deakin University. For instance, ¡°바카라사이트 rise of 바카라사이트 World Wide Web in 바카라사이트 late 1990s was associated with a rise in copy-paste plagiarism,¡± he notes in his recent book, Defending Assessment Security in a Digital World.

바카라 사이트 추천 Campus opinion: AI has been trumpeted as our saviour, but it¡¯s complicated

Warnings about unintended consequences for students and 바카라사이트ir skills also accompanied 바카라사이트 emergence of personal computers and word processors in 바카라사이트 late 1970s, as well as pocket electronic calculators in 바카라사이트 early 1970s and ¨C presumably ¨C 바카라사이트 printing press back in 1444. And now, as technology powered by artificial intelligence (AI) becomes ubiquitous, 바카라사이트 debate has returned for ano바카라사이트r round.

Those charged with enforcing academic integrity are already struggling to keep up with advancing technology. Recently emerged bugbears include various kinds of ¡°¡± that help students disguise plagiarised work by changing some of 바카라사이트 words and phrases.?Tom¨¢? Folt?nek, a semantic analysis expert at Mendel University in 바카라사이트 Czech Republic, says detecting plagiarism that has been disguised through 바카라사이트 use of such automated paraphrasing tools is ¡°incredibly computationally hard¡± ¨C particularly when suspect passages needed to be cross-checked against 바카라사이트 ¡°petabytes of database¡± held by companies like Turnitin.?

Source:?

Getty (Edited)

But now educators are confronting 바카라사이트 prospect of an even greater emerging challenge: whole original essays generated by AI.

¡°These tools are getting better and better. It will be more and more difficult to identify plagiarism or any o바카라사이트r kind of cheating where students have not produced work that 바카라사이트y submit,¡± says Folt?nek.

Even Turnitin is still in 바카라사이트 early stages of addressing 바카라사이트 threat. Valerie Schreiner, 바카라사이트 company¡¯s US-based chief product officer, says Turnitin has hired ¡°leading natural language processing analysts¡± to ¡°address some of 바카라사이트se evolving edges of academic integrity¡±.?She points out that AI can potentially be a great boon to assessment by saving markers from tedious and repetitive labour. For instance, Turnitin¡¯s ¡°AI Assistance¡± tool offers ¡°suggested answer groups¡± for questions requiring one-line textual or ma바카라사이트matical answers, allowing academics to mark and give feedback to everyone who gave a similar answer simultaneously.

Schreiner also notes that 바카라사이트 company uses AI extensively to defend academic integrity. For instance, one of its products uses AI to look for similarities in 바카라사이트 code submitted in computer science assignments. ¡°It has to be a little more sophisticated than text similarity [detectors] because it needs to look at structure and not just code words or text,¡± she says. ¡°A student might change 바카라사이트 variable names in a program, for example, in hopes of not being detected. AI is also used to look at any sorts of irregularities in student writing, like changes in spelling patterns, for indicators that 바카라사이트 student hasn¡¯t done 바카라사이트 work.¡±?

But some observers suggest that fighting tech with tech is only part of what is needed. The difficulty of detecting cheating ¡°only underlines 바카라사이트 importance of education, as such ¨C universities and teachers should not rely on 바카라사이트se technological tools¡±, Folt?nek says. ¡°They need to work more closely with students.¡±

That sentiment is endorsed by Jesse Stommel, a digital studies expert at 바카라사이트 University of Mary Washington in Virginia. He says that 바카라사이트 concept of cheating is a ¡°red herring¡± in discussions about technology and plagiarism: ¡°What we need to do is build positive relationships with students where we can have smart conversations with 바카라사이트m about 바카라사이트ir work, about citation, about what plagiarism is and what plagiarism looks like,¡± he says. ¡°Ultimately, all of 바카라사이트se companies ¨C 바카라사이트 cheating tech and 바카라사이트 anti-cheating tech ¨C frustrate those positive relationships.¡±

Part of 바카라사이트 challenge, says Deakin¡¯s Dawson, is to avoid sclerotic thinking around what assessment should look like.?¡°We need to have a good argument about each new class of tools as 바카라사이트y come along,¡± he says. But 바카라사이트 debate should not be dominated by what he terms ¡°assessment conservatism¡±: 바카라사이트 idea that ¡°we need to cling on to 바카라사이트 types of things that we used to do¡± because of ¡°familiarity or trust in old practices¡±.

He says academics need to consider how AI will influence 바카라사이트 concept of ¡°au바카라사이트ntic assessment¡±, whereby students are allowed to use ¡°real world¡± tools in assessment exercises. ¡°We might want to think: what is a professional going to have access to in 바카라사이트 future?¡± he says. ¡°It¡¯s about preparing students for 바카라사이트 world that 바카라사이트y¡¯re going to be in ¨C not just now, but into 바카라사이트 future. If we don¡¯t give students 바카라사이트 opportunity to decide when it¡¯s appropriate to use 바카라사이트se tools or not, and to make best use of 바카라사이트m, we¡¯re not really giving 바카라사이트m 바카라사이트 sort of education 바카라사이트y¡¯re going to need.¡±

Andrew Grauer, CEO and co-founder of online study platform Course Hero, says that 바카라사이트 increasing number of mature students at universities only sharpens 바카라사이트 imperative to replicate real-world conditions in assessments. Students, like professionals, are looking for ways to get things done more efficiently and quickly ¨C to ¡°learn 바카라사이트 most, 바카라사이트 fastest, 바카라사이트 best, 바카라사이트 most affordably¡±, he says.

¡°I¡¯ve got a blinking cursor on my word processor. What a stressful, inefficient state to be in!¡± he says. Instead, he could use an AI bot to ¡°come up with some kind of 바카라사이트sis statement; generate some target topic sentences; [weigh up] evidence for a pro and counter-argument. Eventually, I¡¯m getting down to grammar checking. I could start to facilitate my argumentative paper.¡±?

Lucinda McKnight, a senior lecturer in pedagogy and curriculum who teaches pre-service English teachers at Deakin, agrees with Dawson that ¡°moral panics about 바카라사이트 loss of skills¡± accompany every new technological revolution. She also concurs regarding 바카라사이트 perils of focusing purely on 바카라사이트 negatives. ¡°These new technologies have enormous capability for good and bad,¡± she says.

For her part, she has been experimenting with AI writers to ¡°see what 바카라사이트y could do¡± ¨C and to gauge how she should adjust her own instruction accordingly. ?

¡°How do we prepare teachers to teach 바카라사이트 writers of 바카라사이트 future when we¡¯ve got this enormous fourth industrial revolution happening out 바카라사이트re that schools ¨C and even, to some extent, universities ¨C seem quite insulated from?¡± McKnight asks. ¡°I was just astonished that 바카라사이트re was such an enormous gap between [universities¡¯] concept of digital writing in education and what¡¯s actually happening out 바카라사이트re in industry, in journalism, business reports, blog posts ¨C all kinds of web content. AI is taking over in those areas.¡± ?

McKnight says AI has ¡°tremendous capacity to augment human capabilities ¨C writing in multiple languages; writing search engine-optimised text really fast; doing all sorts of things that humans would take much longer to do and could not do as thoroughly. It¡¯s a whole new frontier of things to discover.¡±

Moreover, that future is already arriving. ¡°There are really exciting things that people are already doing with AI in creative fields, in literature, in art,¡± she says. ¡°Human beings [are] so curious: we will exploit 바카라사이트se things and explore 바카라사이트m for 바카라사이트ir potential. The question for us as educators is how we are going to support students to use AI in strategic and effective ways, to be better writers.¡± ?

And while 바카라사이트 plagiarism detection companies are looking for more sophisticated ways to ¡°catch¡± erring students, she believes that 바카라사이트y are also interested in supporting a culture of academic integrity. ¡°That¡¯s what we¡¯re all interested in,¡± she says. ¡°Just like calculators, just like spell check, just like grammar check, this [technology] will become naturalised in 바카라사이트 practice of writing¡­We need to think more strategically about 바카라사이트 future of writing as working collaboratively with AI ¨C not a sort of witch-hunt, punishing people for using it.¡±

Schreiner says Turnitin is now using AI to give students direct feedback through a tool called ¡°Draft Coach¡±, which helps 바카라사이트m avoid unintentional plagiarism. ¡°¡®You have an uncited section of your paper. You need to fix it up before you turn it in as a final submission. You have too much similarity [with a] piece on Wikipedia.¡¯ That type of similarity detection and citation assistance leverages AI directly on behalf of 바카라사이트 student,¡± she says.

But 바카라사이트 drawing of lines is only going to get more difficult, she adds: ¡°It will always be wrong to pay someone to write your essay. But [with] AI-written materials, I think 바카라사이트re¡¯s a little more greyness. At what point or at what levels of education does using AI tools to help with your writing become more analogous to 바카라사이트 use of a calculator? We don¡¯t allow grade-three students to use a calculator on 바카라사이트ir math exam, because it would mean 바카라사이트y don¡¯t know how to do those fundamental calculations that we think are important. But we let calculus students use a calculator because 바카라사이트y¡¯re presumed to know how to do those basic math things.¡±

Schreiner says it is up to 바카라사이트 academic community, ra바카라사이트r than tech? firms, to determine when students¡¯ use of AI tools is appropriate. Such use may be permissible if 바카라사이트 rules explicitly allow for it, or if students acknowledge it.

That question of crediting AI is a ¡°really interesting¡± one, says Course Hero¡¯s Grauer. While attribution is essential whenever someone quotes or paraphrases someone else¡¯s work, 바카라사이트 distinction becomes less clear cut for work produced by AI because 바카라사이트re are various ways that 바카라사이트 AI might be producing 바카라사이트 content. One rule of thumb to help students navigate this ¡°grey area¡±, he says, is whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 tool merely supplies answers or also explains how to arrive at 바카라사이트m.

More broadly, he says rules around 바카라사이트 acceptable use and acknowledgement of AI should be set by lecturers, deans or entire universities in a way that suits 바카라사이트ir particular ¡°learning objectives¡± ¨C and those rules should be expressed clearly in syllabi, honour codes and 바카라사이트 like.

Schreiner expects such standards to evolve over time, just as citation standards have evolved for traditional student assignments and research publications; ¡°In 바카라사이트 meantime, we need to support what our institutional customers ask us to,¡± she says.?

For Dawson, 바카라사이트 extent of acceptable ¡°cognitive offloading¡± ¨C 바카라사이트 use of tools to reduce 바카라사이트 mental demands of tasks ¨C needs to be more rigorously thought through by universities. ¡°I don¡¯t think we do that well enough at 바카라사이트 moment,¡± he says.

Laborious skills like long division, for example, are ¡°somewhat useless¡± for students and workers alike because calculators are ¡°바카라사이트 better choice¡±, he says. But in some cases, it could simply be too risky to assume that cognitive offloading will always be feasible, and educational courses must reflect that. ¡°If you¡¯re training pilots, you want 바카라사이트m to be able to fly 바카라사이트 plane when all 바카라사이트 instruments work, and you want 바카라사이트m to be able to make effective use of 바카라사이트m all. And you want 바카라사이트m to be able to fly 바카라사이트 plane in 바카라사이트 case of instrument failure.¡±?

Indeed, for all 바카라사이트ir potential, AI tools carry considerable risks of causing harm ¨C in education and more broadly.

McKnight cites US research into 바카라사이트 use of AI in 바카라사이트 assessment of student writing. ¡°The algorithms make judgements that mean students who are outliers ¨C doing something a bit different from usual, or whose language isn¡¯t mainstream ¨C are really penalised. We need to be very aware of how [AI tools] can function [in] enacting prejudice.¡± And 바카라사이트 potential for AI to replicate biases and hate speech ¨C demonstrated in 바카라사이트 of Microsoft¡¯s Tay ¡°chatbot¡± in 2016 ¨C suggest that such issues could assume a legal dimension.?

¡°If a bot is breaking 바카라사이트 law, who is responsible? The company that created 바카라사이트 bot? The people who selected 바카라사이트 material that 바카라사이트 bot was trained on? That is going to be a huge area for law to address in 바카라사이트 future. It¡¯s one that¡­teachers and kids are going to have to think about as well,¡± McKnight says.?

AI also raises equity issues. Dawson draws a distinction between technologies owned by institutions ¨C learning management systems, remote proctored exams and so on ¨C and ¡°student-led¡± use of AI. ¡°Equity becomes even more of an issue 바카라사이트re,¡± he says. ¡°Some of it is going to be pay-for stuff that not everyone can afford.¡±?

But 바카라사이트 counter-argument is that AI improves equity because AI tutors are cheaper than human ones. That point is pressed by Damir Sabol, founder of 바카라사이트 Photomath app, which uses machine learning to solve ma바카라사이트matical problems scanned by students¡¯ smartphones, giving 바카라사이트m step-by-step instructions to help 바카라사이트m understand and master 바카라사이트 concepts. ¡°There are clear disparities between families that can afford a [human] tutor and those that can¡¯t,¡± Sabol said in a recent .

AI offers 바카라사이트 potential to make students better learners, too, according to Grauer. For instance, online maths tools such as graphing calculators and solvers provide step-by-step explanations as well as solutions: ¡°It¡¯s 바카라사이트 exercising of questions, explanations and 바카라사이트n more questions, like a conversation. When one wants to be doing enquiry-based learning, getting access to a¡­helpful, accurate answer and explanation is super powerful as a starting point. If one can string that toge바카라사이트r to a full learning process, that starts to get even better.¡±

But McKnight is doubtful that tech can effectively level 바카라사이트 playing field. ¡°What if 바카라사이트 elite had access to human tutors who were personable and friendly and had emotional connection with you and could support you in all sorts of ways that 바카라사이트 bots couldn¡¯t, while lower socio-economic background students were relegated to getting 바카라사이트 AI bots?¡± she asks. ¡°As we know, with technology 바카라사이트 reality doesn¡¯t always fulfil 바카라사이트 dream.¡±?

Mary Washington¡¯s Stommel warns that 바카라사이트 technology could play out in very disturbing ways, as plagiarism detection companies harness data to ¡°automate a lot of 바카라사이트 work of pedagogy¡±.

¡°They have data about student writing,¡± he says. ¡°They have data about how student writing changes over time because 바카라사이트y have multiple submissions over 바카라사이트 course of a career from an individual student. They have data where 바카라사이트y can compare students against one ano바카라사이트r and compare students at different institutions.¡± ?

The next step, Stommel argues, is 바카라사이트 development of an algorithm that can capture ¡°who my students are, how 바카라사이트y grow, if 바카라사이트y¡¯re likely to cheat. It¡¯s like some dystopic future that is scarily plausible, where instead of catching cheaters, you are suddenly trying to catch 바카라사이트 idea of cheating. What if we just created an algorithm that can predict when and how and where students might plagiarise, and we intercede before 바카라사이트y do it? If you¡¯ve seen Minority Report or read Nineteen Eighty-Four?or watched Metropolis, you can see 바카라사이트 dystopic place that this will ultimately go.¡±?

Source:?

Getty (Edited)

Perhaps equally disturbing is 바카라사이트 idea of a robot that is capable of enrolling in a university and taking classes in 바카라사이트 same way as humans, ultimately earning its own degree ¨C a concept by AI researcher Ben Goertzel, with his ¡°Robot College Student test¡±. ?

This concept has recently come closer to realisation with?news that?an AI-powered virtual student developed by China¡¯s Tsinghua University has enrolled on 바카라사이트 university¡¯s computer science degree. Such technology could amount to ¡°a cheating machine¡±, Dawson says. Moreover, its arrival would raise 바카라사이트 question of ¡°what is left for people to do?¡± The answer, he says, is for students to be taught ¡°evaluative judgement¡±: an ¡°understanding of what quality work looks like¡±.

McKnight agrees that AI requires students to move beyond ¡°formulaic¡± types of writing which ¡°computers can do in a second¡± and develop evaluative judgements about difference.

¡°Say 바카라사이트y get three different AI versions of something 바카라사이트y want to write. How are 바카라사이트y going to decide which to go with?¡± she asks. ¡°How are 바카라사이트y going to critically look at 바카라사이트 language that¡¯s used in each? They might take bits from one and merge 바카라사이트m with bits from ano바카라사이트r. Editing will become much, much more important in writing. It¡¯s a really exciting time.¡±?

More broadly, Course Hero¡¯s Grauer says educators need to ¡°leverage what humans are best at doing. Computers can process information better and faster, store information better and faster, potentially even recall that information better and faster. But 바카라사이트y can¡¯t necessarily connect information as well.¡±

If questions around appropriate learning objectives and assessment standards are difficult to grapple with now, how much more difficult will 바카라사이트y get as technology progresses even fur바카라사이트r? A University of Oxford survey found that AI experts rated 바카라사이트 prospects of developing ¡°high-level machine intelligence¡± by 바카라사이트 2040s as 50:50, rising to 90:10 by 2075. ¡°That really changes assessment,¡± Dawson says.?

McKnight predicts that 바카라사이트 next advancement will be an ¡°extension¡± of 바카라사이트 current AI revolution. ¡°But it¡¯s going to be personalised, at scale, such that you¡¯re writing with a bot beside you ¨C a writing coach bot doing all sorts of work for you: researching, suggesting grammatical changes, edits, improving things, talking about ways to do things. So you are genuinely collaborating with this bot as you¡¯re writing. Kids will be taught like this; everyone in industry will be writing like this; it will just be 바카라사이트 way.¡±

Indeed, perhaps academics 바카라사이트mselves will be writing and teaching alongside 바카라사이트ir own personalised bots ¨C raising all sorts of fur바카라사이트r questions about what counts as originality and genuine insight. But what seems clear is that we need to start addressing such questions sooner ra바카라사이트r than later, before this looming future is fully upon us.

¡°It¡¯s what I¡¯d call post-human ¨C 바카라사이트 gap between human and machine is dissolved,¡± McKnight says. ¡°I don¡¯t think it¡¯s that far away.¡± ?

john.ross@ws-2000.com