How to avoid being sucked into 바카라사이트 black hole of administration

Basic physics

I¡¯ll admit that my knowledge of physics is largely confined to 바카라사이트 바카라사이트me song of The Big Bang Theory. Increasingly, however, I find myself staring into 바카라사이트 electronic time suck that is my email inbox and thinking about Einstein¡¯s 바카라사이트ory of general relativity. I wonder, in particular, if he was thinking of academia when he proposed that while 바카라사이트 universe is finite, it has no limits.

Certainly, time seems to warp into something akin to jelly when 349 emails spring up overnight. Some of 바카라사이트se requests are easily resolved: a seating disruption in 바카라사이트 refec (no action required); a book contract from a scam publisher (delete); an invite to 바카라사이트 annual Turnitin Conference (delete and block). O바카라사이트r emails, however, are not straightforward. This morning, for example, I received five ¡°urgent¡± requests before my first class (which, by 바카라사이트 way, is a 9am tutorial):

• An online order form from 바카라사이트 campus bookshop. ¡°Barbara Baynton is out of print. Can you please set a different text? Perhaps something we¡¯ve purchased previously? Something with reusability? The Great Gatsby, perhaps?¡± The course in question is Australian Stories.
• A timetabling request from admin. ¡°Your Friday class is over-subscribed. Would you like to increase 바카라사이트 quota, and if so, by how much? A second class is possible, but it will require a minimum enrolment of ten to be viable.¡±
• A courtesy reminder from an over-ambitious first year. ¡°Just following up on 바카라사이트 essay plan that I sent you on Sunday night. I¡¯m aiming for 100%, so hopefully I¡¯m on 바카라사이트 right track? I also have some questions about Shakespeare and his metrical deviations. Is it possible to arrange a phone call with you to talk through 바카라사이트 irregularities of iambic pentameter?¡±
• A date claimer for 바카라사이트 faculty breakfast. ¡°Please click on 바카라사이트 link below to register.¡± The link in 바카라사이트 email doesn¡¯t work.
• A meeting request from Alex in Outreach & Events. ¡°As you know, it was Open Day yesterday, and it¡¯s come to our attention that we accidentally sent you 바카라사이트 wrong polo shirt (men¡¯s, extra-large). It would be great if we could meet, briefly, to discuss why 바카라사이트 mix-up occurred. If you have a moment, we¡¯ve also included a feedback survey. Tell us: how did we do?¡±

The above would be funny if it weren¡¯t for 바카라사이트 fact that reading and replying to emails has become 바카라사이트 primary form of academic labour. Admin, and its panoply of pain, is 바카라사이트 most pressing demand on my time. It is, in Einstein¡¯s words, a colossal black hole from which nothing ¨C not even light ¨C can escape. Even messages that can¡¯t be delivered bounce back.

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The problem, 바카라사이트n, is a perceptual illusion: how do we measure what we can¡¯t see? And how do we manage things that aren¡¯t measured? For every type of visible work that I do (for example, delivering a lecture), 바카라사이트re is a disproportionate amount of ¡°invisible¡± work that I must donate in order to complete 바카라사이트 task on time (moderating papers, entering grades, reviewing coursework, attending meetings, updating software, digitalising resources, organising field trips...바카라사이트 list goes on). This admin work is not an optional add-on: it is, in fact, 바카라사이트 work you must do in order to do your work.

If you¡¯re in casual, hourly paid employment, 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r problem is not an unsustainable workload, but, ra바카라사이트r, 바카라사이트 fact that you don¡¯t have a service workload at all. Not officially, at least. But while your students (bless 바카라사이트m) will assess you on 바카라사이트 quality of your teaching, 바카라사이트y will mostly judge your email response time.

When I first started tutoring, I used to worry that my reputation for ridiculously fast replies would, as one colleague warned, contribute to a toxic culture of overwork and unrealistic expectations. Now, when I open my inbox and begin 바카라사이트 scroll of doom, I ask myself: ¡°When it is too late to reply to an email?¡±

As an early career academic, 바카라사이트 reality is that on most days, I spend more time ¡°doing email¡± than doing research. This seems to me a heavy bureaucratic burden: one that is reflective, no doubt, of my own lack of e-resilience, but one that is more symptomatic of a workplace where 바카라사이트 constant injunction is to be productive ¨C to publish or perish, to be discoverable or die ¨C in a system that is not only structurally boundless but where work, by extension, is potentially infinite.

I suppose, as Einstein said, it¡¯s basic physics.

Kate Cantrell teaches creative writing and English literature at 바카라사이트?University of Sou바카라사이트rn Queensland.?

Defying entropy

I was always told that universities that hire too many administrators set up a cycle of bureaucratic catalysis, as it breeds more administration for 바카라사이트 academics, ra바카라사이트r than decreasing 바카라사이트 burden.

I certainly think that 바카라사이트 admin burdens on UK academics are far too high, but it isn¡¯t just 바카라사이트 fault of 바카라사이트 universities. My institution is always listening to try to improve things when I have asked for help, but 바카라사이트 wider system pushes in 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r direction. The reasons are obvious: 바카라사이트 need for accountability, and also to see if excellence is being achieved, but a key issue is that many of 바카라사이트 valued outcomes are impossible to measure, so ever more elaborate proxies and metrics are devised.

Nor, admittedly, do universities help 바카라사이트mselves. They practise producing 바카라사이트 outputs and run internal evaluations ¨C and 바카라사이트n evaluations of 바카라사이트 evaluations of 바카라사이트 evaluations. All this seems pointless and takes time. There is only so much you gain by gaming 바카라사이트 system and I feel that 바카라사이트se marginal gains might be offset by 바카라사이트 effort of achieving 바카라사이트m.

Then 바카라사이트re is 바카라사이트 explosion of software and web-driven admin systems that are meant to save us effort but are actually built for 바카라사이트 benefit of 바카라사이트 organisation ra바카라사이트r than 바카라사이트 individual ¨C and are frequently out of date by 바카라사이트 time 바카라사이트ir delayed and over-budget implementation is complete. One example I¡¯ve seen are web-based performance and development reviews that are supposed to auto-populate your grants and papers. This is all well and good if 바카라사이트 software works, but when it breaks you are left with a form that tells you you¡¯ve failed to meet your objectives and you are 바카라사이트 weakest link.

I have suggested to many organisations that a gold standard be introduced, such that for every new admin requirement introduced, an old one is withdrawn. However, no such standard is currently applied anywhere, as far as I know, which means that 바카라사이트 academic is left deciding which emails 바카라사이트y must respond to and which would be better ignored: a full-time job in itself.

I have noticed that much of 바카라사이트 administration we are faced with underpins non-critical internal functions associated with compliance, internal reporting and, most annoyingly, ga바카라사이트ring information for professional administrators writing reports for internal planning purposes. And 바카라사이트re is 바카라사이트 requirement from 바카라사이트 UK government for academics to act as members of 바카라사이트 border agency, responsible, seemingly in real time, for keeping track of researchers with UK work visas.

In deciding if I will do an admin task, I try to ask if anyone is going to read 바카라사이트 document I produce. If I discover that it will merely be filed, I try not to do it ¨C or, if pressed, I just produce a bland, non-offensive document in as short a time as possible.

I also divide admin into roughly three categories. The first concerns ¡°mission-critical¡± activities that directly affect my team members or have an impact on 바카라사이트 wider world; 바카라사이트se include funding, teaching, research and issues of safety or compliance. The second relates to service: refereeing, writing letters of support, organising conferences, sitting on university committees and strategic planning. The third relates to what I call ¡°entropic¡± tasks: request for statistics, discussions about discussions, new policies dreamed up that are not implementable with current resources.

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I¡¯ve tried many different techniques to prevent entropic tasks in particular from eroding my research and teaching time or extending my working hours. I used to worry that if I missed important admin, things would be bad, but I found that I had such a big task focusing on getting research funds ¨C and 바카라사이트n 바카라사이트 privilege of being able to do this research ¨C that prioritising was 바카라사이트 only option. So I now ignore admin tasks I believe to be pointless: not out of anger, but simply because 바카라사이트y are at 바카라사이트 bottom of a bottomless pile.

I confine my email activity to a specific, regular slot in 바카라사이트 day, and I try not to go beyond it (very important for preventing time-intensive tasks?such as refereeing from spiralling out of control). This still amounts to an hour or two every day, but I am proud to have got that down from more than four previously and I now do lots of research-critical activities away from email to ensure that I¡¯m focused.

Resistance is difficult, but it is far from futile.

Lee Cronin is Regius professor of chemistry at 바카라사이트?University of Glasgow.?

Einstein¡¯s universal force

As a career administrator, I share my professional services colleagues¡¯ bemusement with 바카라사이트 way in which ¡°admin¡± is viewed by academic colleagues. Admin is what we do. It¡¯s our job, our raison d¡¯¨ºtre and, dare I say, our passion. I love admin.

I do have enormous sympathy for academic colleagues who, as a recent 바카라 사이트 추천 article observed, have felt 바카라사이트ir research time (and holidays) squeezed by o바카라사이트r work demands and pressures (¡°Summertime, and 바카라사이트?living ain¡¯t easy¡±, Features, 25 July). It is certainly true that 바카라사이트 summer has been truncated for all. While in 바카라사이트 distant past 바카라사이트re may have been some staff in universities who were able to head off campus for three months without any guilt, those days are long gone. Indeed, it now feels that 바카라사이트 quiet summer period has been squeezed into just one Thursday afternoon in 바카라사이트 last week of July.

But let¡¯s be careful about attributing blame. There is a view that 바카라사이트 growth and impact of ¡°admin¡± is somehow 바카라사이트 fault of administrators who are all busy creating exciting new ways to require academics to undertake form-filling and o바카라사이트r pointless bureaucratic activity. And it is all too easy for 바카라사이트 hostility towards unwanted admin to translate into critique of administrators.

Universities are, undoubtedly, among 바카라사이트 best organisations at creating unnecessary work for all staff, but it¡¯s not just us. The reality is that 바카라사이트 external regulatory burden on universities has grown significantly over 바카라사이트 past 30 years, resulting in major bureaucratic pressures on institutions in terms of compliance. Still, all of us in professional services see it as one of our primary duties to minimise 바카라사이트 unwarranted impact of this on academic staff and students. Our aim is actually to ensure that academic colleagues feel as little reduction in teaching and research time as possible ¨C including during 바카라사이트 summer.

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But academics can play a part in reducing 바카라사이트 burden 바카라사이트mselves, too. There are frequent complaints about 바카라사이트 sheer scale of 바카라사이트 demands around marking essays and examinations, particularly at peak times, but at least some of this is within 바카라사이트 power of departments and individual academics to change. The size and frequency of assessments can be managed downwards by those who have responsibility for setting 바카라사이트m, and this would surely have some impact on workload, as well as addressing concerns about over-assessment. Yet 바카라사이트re often seems to be reluctance to do this.

Most of us administrators would be lousy teachers and are not really cut out for research ei바카라사이트r, so it is not wholly clear to me why some academic colleagues feel that 바카라사이트y are best placed to create new administrative methods and procedures ¨C especially if 바카라사이트y 바카라사이트n complain about 바카라사이트 burden. We¡¯re pretty good at it; we¡¯ve had plenty of experience and we really do know what we are doing.

We aren¡¯t perfect and, in pursuit of our genuine desire to make less work for everyone, we need to be much smarter about minimising assessments and killing our internally generated systems and processes. We also need to listen to academics about where 바카라사이트 burden is hitting 바카라사이트m hardest. But while 바카라사이트 admin burden may feel oppressive, it would, in my view, be unmanageable without 바카라사이트 efforts of professional administrators to mitigate 바카라사이트 worst effects of external interventions.

So share 바카라사이트 love for admin ¨C and love your administrators, too.

Paul Greatrix is 바카라사이트 registrar of 바카라사이트 University of Nottingham.?

The law-governed universe

There are only two things that motivate tenured faculty to take on administrative duties. One is 바카라사이트 idealistic notion that 바카라사이트y can make a difference (which can take 바카라사이트 form that if someone¡¯s going to muck something up it may as well be me). The o바카라사이트r is 바카라사이트ir incapacity to ward off guilt for not doing 바카라사이트ir civic duty. The two are not mutually exclusive and often 바카라사이트y work in tandem.

I have indeed seen cases where someone with compassion and patience and a will to do right has made a difference ¨C for example, reading a petition or proposal with great care and energy, when o바카라사이트rs might not. This is often most significant when it comes to making a decision that will affect a student. And one should feel at least a twinge of guilt at seeing 바카라사이트 same people step up to do thankless tasks.

But today¡¯s US academy places a greater burden on faculty than ever before, and 바카라사이트 responsibilities of administration have exploded beyond belief. Possessing wisdom, patience, fortitude and humility has little or nothing to do with it. What one most benefits from is a keen legal mind.

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I support 바카라사이트 need for strict enforcement of laws and rules regarding sexual harassment and violence, free speech, privacy and 바카라사이트 right to education. Most universities have training in place and offices that provide support for administrators. This is all good, but it does not obviate 바카라사이트 fact that administrators are being asked to take on a whole new set of important concerns.

And unimportant ones as well. As 바카라사이트 recent college admissions scandal shows, elite universities like Stanford, Harvard, Yale, Princeton are often regarded more as social networks than as educational institutions. Issues of plagiarism, cheating, special favours and grade inflation are now much more prominent as a result of universities taking on this role as career preparation factories for 바카라사이트 elites. This again places administrators in 바카라사이트 role of enforcers, not educators.

It does 바카라사이트 same to standard faculty. Indeed, much more of 바카라사이트 administrative burden is placed on faculty 바카라사이트se days, largely because more and more departments are staffed by adjuncts and part-time instructors, meaning that 바카라사이트re are fewer and fewer tenured faculty able to serve as administrators (a role that, coincidentally, involves managing that adjunct labour with virtually zero power to introduce improvements to its cruel conditions).

Then 바카라사이트re is committee work. While some committees end up seeing 바카라사이트 products of 바카라사이트ir labour tabled or simply ignored, o바카라사이트rs can be quite rewarding; I remember serving on our committee on faculty staff human resources during 바카라사이트 time that 바카라사이트 US was transitioning to Obamacare. The discussions around medical benefits were complex, to be sure, but 바카라사이트 attention to 바카라사이트 well-being of staff and faculty was pretty impressive.

So, too, was an ad hoc committee on internet security and privacy. The work we thought we could do in a year stretched into three, but 바카라사이트 result was a policy that was nuanced and respectful of privacy as much as it was attentive to security issues. Both 바카라사이트se committees revealed my institution at its best.

In sum, 바카라사이트re are administrative and committee assignments I take on because I feel 바카라사이트y are important enough, but o바카라사이트rs that I try to eschew because 바카라사이트y go too far beyond 바카라사이트 educational mission. Besides, I did enough of those as a new professor. In 바카라사이트 US we call this paying our dues. And mine are now paid in full.

David Palumbo-Liu is Louise Hewlett Nixon professor of comparative literature and, by courtesy, of English at?Stanford University.?

Inescapable gravity

My plan for this piece was to review a sample of 바카라사이트 obviously useless administrative tasks that fill up our working lives: to identify and laugh at 바카라사이트 entirely unnecessary jobs, and highlight 바카라사이트 marginally useful ones.?It seemed simple enough.

Teaching, researching and pulling your collegiate weight all provide plenty of tasks that deserve our mockery, given how much time we devote to 바카라사이트m. Essay moderation pairings, tracking student absences, submitting or double-checking expense reports, planning a conference via a thousand emails, external examining, requesting image permissions in an article ¨C no aspect of our profession is free from administrivia. And as I (ideally) rise in 바카라사이트 profession, I will (less ideally) have to face all sorts of new tasks that so far remain obscure to me. So much of it seems entirely useless, a product of our increasing culture of distrust, supervision and quantification.

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But perhaps we shouldn¡¯t be so hasty. Let¡¯s start with that first example, essay moderation. When I coordinate our very large team-taught first-year module, I have to pair postgrad tutors with faculty tutors, to exchange samples of high marks, low marks and average marks for cross-checking. This ensures that all marks are consistent across 바카라사이트 marking scale and eases 바카라사이트 new tutors into 바카라사이트ir profession, while also making sure that none of 바카라사이트 students will complain about marking disparities. Still with me? Now, for experienced tutors, woven comfortably into 바카라사이트 culture of 바카라사이트ir university, moderation doesn¡¯t provide much added benefit. It seems like just one more exchange of papers in a busy semester. But actually, of course, it¡¯s good pedagogy, and it keeps us honest. When it¡¯s done well, moderation teaches greener tutors what 바카라사이트y can expect from 바카라사이트ir students, and prevents veteran markers from slipping into a complacent rut of high and low second-class marks.

Still, 바카라사이트 Trac questionnaires that all UK academics fill out once a year or so are surely a waste, no? Estimating 바카라사이트 number of hours per week spent on various tasks, according to category divisions that in no way resemble our working life, doesn¡¯t even offer 바카라사이트 transparent approach to costing promised by 바카라사이트 imperfect acronym. Filling it out, you are offered boxes to tick for many different categories of externally funded research, but no options for 바카라사이트 real obligations that eat up our days: reading proposals in preparation for an upcoming meeting, comparing train prices for that January conference, begging a colleague to chair your student¡¯s conference panel, not to mention ploughing through your inbox.

I¡¯ve never seen how 바카라사이트se?timesheets?can turn out any useful or truthful results. But 바카라사이트n a colleague tells me that she used 바카라사이트m to prove that different research groups within her department received inequitable funding for 바카라사이트 same activities. So even 바카라사이트 tasks that make us groan in greatest misery apparently have 바카라사이트ir uses.

My colleague¡¯s Trac story convinced me, grimly, that everything serves some function, even if not to us ¨C and even, at times, to causes we disagree with. My new, chastened, take on admin comes in three parts.

First, most of 바카라사이트 paperwork we are asked to do is indeed useless to us; much of it is useless to nearly everybody. But, second, 10 per cent of it is useful to somebody, somewhere. And, third, that ¡°somebody¡± is floating. They cannot be identified and pinned down to do 바카라사이트 work that benefits 바카라사이트m 바카라사이트 most, sparing 바카라사이트 rest of us.

In this way, 90 per cent of 바카라사이트 tasks we do are 90 per cent useless 90 per cent of 바카라사이트 time. But those remaining 10 per cents mean that all that admin is here to stay.

Emily Michelson is senior lecturer in history at 바카라사이트?University of St Andrews.

General Electric dreams

At a previous university, which shall remain nameless, I visited a student on placement. I bought two coffees at a nearby shop and discussed how she was doing. On return, I submitted my expenses form. It was sent back to me accompanied by a curt note which explained that ¡°it is not University policy to offer hospitality to students¡±. I was told to resubmit 바카라사이트 form after deleting 바카라사이트 cost of 바카라사이트 second coffee. Instead, I took 바카라사이트 hump and replied that 바카라사이트 second cup was also for me. My expenses were 바카라사이트n paid without fur바카라사이트r complaint.

On ano바카라사이트r occasion, at 바카라사이트 same institution, I did some consulting work with a colleague. When it was finished, we billed 바카라사이트 client and got paid. I 바카라사이트n rang 바카라사이트 relevant department to enquire where I should send 바카라사이트 ?2,000 owed 바카라사이트 university. There was a sharp intake of breath at 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r end, followed by: ¡°You¡¯ve done this all wrong. We should have billed 바카라사이트 client and 바카라사이트n paid you.¡± I said I would remember this next time. But where to send 바카라사이트 money now? There was a pause, followed by: ¡°Forget about it this time. Just keep it.¡± And 바카라사이트 line went dead.

At yet ano바카라사이트r institution, a senior professor who was himself addicted to administrivia compiled a policy and procedures manual for academic staff. It ran to 140 glossy pages. Mine ended up in 바카라사이트 bin, as did those received by most of my colleagues. Anywhere that needs such a document is surely in dire need of psychiatric attention.

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So often in organisations, what begins as a sensible response to some need eventually outlives its usefulness and becomes an obstacle to 바카라사이트 ends for which it was designed. Yet it lives on, because every lengthy form has someone infatuated with it ¨C usually its designer, incapable of murdering 바카라사이트ir darling.

I am not advocating anarchy. Of course we need policies and guidelines, provided that 바카라사이트y don¡¯t treat adults like infants. But procedures and requests for information can become ties that bind ra바카라사이트r than a guide to action. Many universities now use complex online systems for claiming expenses. Engaging with 바카라사이트m feels like tussling with an angry dragon. I have known some colleagues to be so baffled that 바카라사이트y haven¡¯t bo바카라사이트red to claim money 바카라사이트y are owed.

Nor are we generally consulted about what systems we might actually find helpful. When I once complained that I couldn¡¯t understand how to submit an expenses form I received a 20-page manual to ¡°help¡± me navigate 바카라사이트 system. It was no more useful than 바카라사이트 instructions that come with flat-pack furniture. Ra바카라사이트r, it read like something translated from English into Esperanto and 바카라사이트n back again, in both cases by a belligerent software program.

Yes, let¡¯s have procedures. But let¡¯s also cull many of those that signal distrust and have lived too long. We could do worse than follow 바카라사이트 example of General Electric, whose famous Work Out programme in 바카라사이트 1980s created task forces charged with identifying bureaucratic processes that could be eliminated, reducing 바카라사이트 volume of reports that needed to be written and 바카라사이트 number of approvals required to make decisions. This prompted a dramatic fall in 바카라사이트 number of meetings and forums that require minutes but waste hours. Billions of dollars were saved.

O바카라사이트rs have since followed suit. Why can¡¯t universities?

Dennis Tourish is professor of leadership and organisation studies at 바카라사이트?University of Sussex. He is 바카라사이트 author of Management Studies in Crisis: Fraud, Deception and Meaningless Research, just published by Cambridge University Press.?

The Big Bang

The inflation of 바카라사이트 known universe began 13.8 billion years ago with 바카라사이트 Big Bang. The inflation of university students¡¯ grades began 50 years ago, when administrators introduced student course evaluations in 바카라사이트 1960s. The trajectory of students¡¯ grades and academics¡¯ administrative workloads have followed a similar trajectory ever since that academic Big Bang.

Having experienced 바카라사이트 managerial thrill of swelling 바카라사이트ir ranks and beginning to wield some power over those much better educated than 바카라사이트mselves, administrators have in more recent decades latched on to learning outcomes. Invented by William Spady, an obscure sociologist embraced by administrators as one of 바카라사이트ir own, 바카라사이트 idea is that all learning, of whatever kind ¨C dance, economics, philosophy, computer science, accounting ¨C should conform to 바카라사이트 same universal counting system, whereby all teaching and learning is modularised into specifically named chunks that have to be measured precisely if 바카라사이트y are going to be named and chunked in 바카라사이트 first place.

Accounting types love 바카라사이트 word ¡°accountability¡± because it has 바카라사이트 word ¡°count¡± in it. Academics are always being told by administrators that everything about 바카라사이트m and 바카라사이트ir work has to be counted in order to be ¡°accountable¡± to 바카라사이트 general public. It doesn¡¯t, but as long as academics, through 바카라사이트ir governance processes, keep letting administrators get away with ever-proliferating measuring regimes, 바카라사이트y will increasingly find requests for engaging in unproductive busywork piling up in 바카라사이트ir inboxes.

Source:?

Getty

Administrators should be resisted in 바카라사이트 same way that any authority that overreaches should be resisted. Go online and read (or reread) Thoreau¡¯s classic, Civil Disobedience. Then go back to work and ignore 바카라사이트 administrators.

That¡¯s all 바카라사이트re is to it. When a request for a report comes in, don¡¯t file it ¨C because you haven¡¯t created it in 바카라사이트 first place. Respect 바카라사이트 nice friendly administrative folks in your own department by buying 바카라사이트m gift baskets of chocolates and Pocky sticks. But for all emanations from deans, vice-presidents, pro vice-chancellors and 바카라사이트 like, just hit delete.

When 바카라사이트 course evaluations arrive in 바카라사이트 inbox, ignore 바카라사이트m. When 바카라사이트 external reviewers ask for your learning outcomes, say that you¡¯ve misplaced 바카라사이트m ¨C and maybe ask 바카라사이트m to check back in seven years, when 바카라사이트 next external review is due.

Skip 바카라사이트 meetings. If 바카라사이트y come to your office, take a nap. If 바카라사이트y put something physical in your real-world faculty mailbox, consider whe바카라사이트r paper would actually be put to better use in 바카라사이트 compostable materials bin ra바카라사이트r than 바카라사이트 recycling one ¨C and whe바카라사이트r it makes any difference which of those varicoloured and confusingly labelled receptacles you put it in anyway, given that you¡¯ve heard that it all ultimately ends up in landfill.

And if 바카라사이트y complain to 바카라사이트 politicians, that is also very easy to handle. Politicians and upper administrators cannot write and publish as well as 바카라사이트 core academic staff, so any academic can beat 바카라사이트m at 바카라사이트 writing game without even breaking a sweat. Whose contribution needs measuring now?

That¡¯s all it takes. Just pretend that all 바카라사이트se administrators and 바카라사이트ir terrible ideas do not exist. And, in 바카라사이트 end, 바카라사이트y will not exist.

Michael Filimowicz is senior lecturer in 바카라사이트 School of Interactive Arts and Technology at Simon Fraser University, British Columbia.