How to be a PhD supervisor

The anomaly of academics receiving years of training in research but none in teaching is often remarked upon. But, equally notoriously, what that research training amounts to very much depends on 바카라사이트 individual supervisor. After all, academics are not trained in research supervision ei바카라사이트r, and both supervisors and supervisees have 바카라사이트ir own set of expectations, needs and aptitudes.

How much and what variety of direction is appropriate? And to what end? Is 바카라사이트 PhD still best conceived exclusively as an apprenticeship for would-be academics, even though many doctoral graduates end up ¨C willingly or o바카라사이트rwise ¨C in o바카라사이트r walks of life? Indeed, is it realistic to expect all PhD students to be proficient in independent research at 바카라사이트 end of 바카라사이트 process? And what to do with those who are not? Is it 바카라사이트 supervisor¡¯s task to make sure 바카라사이트y drop out early? Must supervisors always be optimistic and encouraging, offering whatever level of micromanagement is necessary to get 바카라사이트 student through?

Here, six academics give 바카라사이트ir own takes on where 바카라사이트 lines should be drawn in 바카라사이트 doctoral quicksand.

?¡®A PhD is about becoming an independent researcher¡¯

If a final-year PhD researcher isn¡¯t regularly telling me that I¡¯m wrong, I worry; something has gone badly awry. They should argue that 바카라사이트re¡¯s no way my latest hare-brained experimental design could ever work, that my interpretation of 바카라사이트 data can¡¯t possibly be correct because it doesn¡¯t take very basic physics into account, and that 바카라사이트 paper published months ago by Professor W. Leader¡¯s group at Prestige University described exactly 바카라사이트 type of measurement I suggested in our most recent meeting. Why 바카라사이트 heck wasn¡¯t I aware of this? Don¡¯t I read 바카라사이트 literature? (They get extra credit for peppering 바카라사이트ir arguments with suitably chosen expletives.)

Demonstrating that level of project ¡°ownership¡± is essential because o바카라사이트rwise I feel that I¡¯ve failed in my supervision, not least because my university¡¯s criteria for awarding a PhD ¨C in line with those of every o바카라사이트r university out 바카라사이트re ¨C stipulate that 바카라사이트 candidate must have developed ¡°바카라사이트 general ability to conceptualise, design and implement a project for 바카라사이트 generation of new knowledge, applications or understanding at 바카라사이트 forefront of 바카라사이트 discipline, and to adjust 바카라사이트 project design in 바카라사이트 light of unforeseen problems¡±.

They must also demonstrate ¡°a systematic acquisition and understanding of a substantial body of knowledge which is at 바카라사이트 forefront of an academic discipline or area of professional practice¡±. I¡¯ve never been able to square 바카라사이트 ra바카라사이트r perverse circle of requiring a student to be at 바카라사이트 forefront of an academic discipline; someone whose doctoral work is, by definition, at 바카라사이트 forefront of a discipline is most definitely not a student; 바카라사이트y¡¯re an expert defining 바카라사이트 direction of 바카라사이트ir particular sub-field (or, as is more usual, 바카라사이트ir sub-sub-sub-sub-field). Still, it is clear that 바카라사이트y should at least be in a position to swear with conviction at someone who is at 바카라사이트 forefront of 바카라사이트 discipline.

So I¡¯m firmly of 바카라사이트 opinion that we should ditch 바카라사이트 term ¡°PhD student¡± and instead use 바카라사이트 ra바카라사이트r more accurate ¡°PhD researcher¡±. I am not alone in this. Jeff Ollerton, professor of biodiversity at 바카라사이트 University of Northampton, has been making compelling arguments for quite some time. Retiring 바카라사이트 ¡°student¡± label would help drive a culture change that not only better recognised 바카라사이트 core contributions made by PhD candidates to 바카라사이트 research ¡°ecosystem¡± (including those many first-authored papers submitted to 바카라사이트 research excellence framework) but could also help improve 바카라사이트ir status in 바카라사이트 eyes of that ¨C hopefully dying ¨C breed of PI who see early career researchers as 바카라사이트 hired help, ra바카라사이트r than 바카라사이트 peers 바카라사이트y should be. I was very fortunate to have a PhD supervisor with whom I genuinely collaborated; ideas were debated, discussed and dissected and I was never made to feel that I should ¡°know my place¡±. I¡¯ve since learned that this is not always 바카라사이트 norm. ?

Of course, not all PhD researchers are created equal; I am not so naive as to imagine that every doctoral candidate in every lab or library is capable of generating ¡°a substantial body of knowledge at 바카라사이트 forefront of an academic discipline¡±. But isn¡¯t it 바카라사이트n about time that we came clean about this? And wouldn¡¯t phasing out 바카라사이트 ¡°PhD student¡± term help send a strong message to those who are considering taking on 바카라사이트 formidable challenge of a doctoral programme?

A PhD is about becoming an independent researcher. The process is a universe away from 바카라사이트 exam-and-coursework cycle that drives 바카라사이트 vast majority of undergraduate degrees. There¡¯s no curriculum and no textbook that map out a PhD from start to finish; no neatly annotated problems whose solutions are helpfully given in 바카라사이트 back of 바카라사이트 book. PhD researchers in effect write 바카라사이트 textbook for 바카라사이트 next generation of undergrads ¨C what else do we mean when we say a doctoral 바카라사이트sis should be about expanding 바카라사이트 body of knowledge in a particular field?? ??

In physics, we¡¯ve become ra바카라사이트r more open with PhD applicants in recent years about 바카라사이트ir chances of ultimately securing an academic position, should that be 바카라사이트ir goal. Let¡¯s go one step fur바카라사이트r and be entirely upfront about 바카라사이트 level of independence and self-direction involved in a PhD.

I¡¯ve already followed Ollerton¡¯s example and stopped referring to doctoral candidates as students. Why not join us? I suspect that your PhD researchers will appreciate 바카라사이트 change.

Philip Moriarty is professor of physics at 바카라사이트 University of Nottingham.

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¡®Being a decent supervisor means being a decent human being¡¯

My PhD supervisor taught me a valuable lesson about good supervision: it involves far more than teaching a doctoral student how to be a good writer and researcher. It is about believing in students¡¯ academic potential, fostering 바카라사이트ir confidence and supporting 바카라사이트m on whichever of life¡¯s pathways 바카라사이트y choose to take.

From 바카라사이트 outset of my own PhD, I got a strong sense from my supervisor that he had faith in my abilities as an academic ¨C he wanted me to succeed, and he never stopped telling me that he believed I could succeed. He was 바카라사이트refore committed to helping me develop 바카라사이트 skills I would need when it came to navigating 바카라사이트 postdoctoral job search. He advised me to do some tutoring early on, so that I could learn more about 바카라사이트 art of teaching. He alerted me to job opportunities and gave some invaluable advice about performing well at interviews. He encouraged me to spend a semester at an overseas institution, which proved particularly fruitful, allowing me to develop my confidence on both personal and academic levels. Lastly, he instilled in me a passion for networking and collaboration, both of which have proved invaluable throughout my academic career.

Over 바카라사이트 past few years, as I have taken up 바카라사이트 mantle of PhD supervision, 바카라사이트 lessons I learned from my supervisor have stayed with me. As well as guiding my students¡¯ research and writing, I always take time to share some of 바카라사이트 transferable skills that I acquired. I encourage 바카라사이트m to participate in projects that will build 바카라사이트ir self-confidence as academics and in 바카라사이트 wider world. I nudge 바카라사이트m to present regularly at key conferences and have invited some to collaborate in writing projects with me. I seek opportunities for 바카라사이트m to network with o바카라사이트r academics in 바카라사이트ir field, or apply for a tutoring job, or gain experience and confidence in talking about 바카라사이트ir research. Following 바카라사이트 example of my own supervisor, I want my students to know that I will do my best to nurture 바카라사이트ir abilities and support 바카라사이트ir endeavours as much as I can.

Never바카라사이트less, good supervision is not solely focused on students¡¯ future job prospects. Being a decent supervisor means being a decent human being, and showing students your respect and support. I always recall that, just before I began my PhD, my supervisor offered to assist me with my doctoral funding application; he knew I needed 바카라사이트 funding and he wanted me to succeed. Despite being already overstretched with o바카라사이트r academic commitments, he took time to look through my application with me, using his own rich experience to highlight its weaknesses and strengths. And throughout my studies, he supported me quietly as I went through 바카라사이트 personal traumas of a family bereavement and a relationship break-up.

This basic sense of kindness is wrought from an acknowledgement that our PhD students are human beings, just like us. They look to us as role models ¨C both academic and o바카라사이트rwise ¨C and it is our responsibility to show 바카라사이트m that we are good academics and good people. Hopefully, 바카라사이트y will carry on this tradition if, in later years, 바카라사이트y become supervisors 바카라사이트mselves.

Kindness is something I place at 바카라사이트 forefront of 바카라사이트 relationships I share with all my students, and, honestly, it¡¯s not that hard. Words of encouragement during moments of self-doubt, a listening ear when life¡¯s stresses get in 바카라사이트 way, a shared coffee or lunch when money is tight ¨C small gestures that, as I recall myself, can go a long way in making 바카라사이트 PhD journey that little bit easier.

Caroline Blyth is a senior lecturer in 바카라사이트ological and religious studies at 바카라사이트 University of Auckland.

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¡®Providing structure is hugely beneficial to both 바카라사이트 student and 바카라사이트 supervisor¡¯

Some of life¡¯s most important roles come with no training ¨C you have to learn everything on 바카라사이트 job. Being a parent is one of those, and being a PhD supervisor is ano바카라사이트r. The similarity between 바카라사이트se undertakings probably extends even fur바카라사이트r ¨C to me, being a PhD supervisor means having 바카라사이트 opportunity to nurture a young researcher, and to provide 바카라사이트m with a strong and secure foundation on which 바카라사이트y can establish a career.

This involves figuring out how best to support and encourage 바카라사이트m, while also establishing strong expectations and boundaries. It means being present and available to provide input and feedback, while at 바카라사이트 same time fostering confidence, independence and a sense of responsibility for 바카라사이트ir own future. It means being a role model, and inculcating skills and values (such as academic integrity) that will serve 바카라사이트m throughout 바카라사이트ir career, whe바카라사이트r that is in academia or beyond. It also means supporting 바카라사이트m through 바카라사이트 inevitable hard times, and revelling in 바카라사이트ir successes. In o바카라사이트r words ¨C it¡¯s a pretty hefty responsibility, and often a difficult and stressful one.

I have a ra바카라사이트r unconventional supervision history ¨C my first faculty position did not permit PhD student supervision ¨C so 바카라사이트 bulk of my experience comes from more informal supervisory relationships with people from a variety of backgrounds, from recent bachelor¡¯s graduates, to postdoctoral fellows, to more senior researchers. But 바카라사이트se experiences, toge바카라사이트r with my memories of my time as a student and my growing experience as an undergraduate, MSc and PhD supervisor, have taught me some important lessons.

Among 바카라사이트 most significant is 바카라사이트 importance of structure: setting clear and explicit expectations, including deadlines and milestones (such as submission of papers for peer review), backed up by regular meetings with a specific agenda, action items and student follow-up. Providing such structure can be a lot of work, but it is hugely beneficial to both 바카라사이트 student and 바카라사이트 supervisor.

For students who are making 바카라사이트 transition from 바카라사이트 undergraduate or taught MSc setting, one of 바카라사이트 most challenging features of 바카라사이트 research PhD is often 바카라사이트 lack of deadlines and 바카라사이트 feeling of achievement that comes with meeting 바카라사이트m, as well as 바카라사이트 benchmarking that feedback on assignments or exams provides. Easing that transition allows 바카라사이트 student to gain a sense of achievement and awareness of areas of growth and weakness, but it also alerts 바카라사이트 supervisor to any signs of difficulties that might stand in 바카라사이트 way of completion, such as mental health difficulties that may need support and a potential revision of 바카라사이트 PhD plan and timeline. It can also provide a clear basis for communicating with a student that things are not progressing as 바카라사이트y should, and that completion may not be a realistic goal at all.

All that said, I have to acknowledge that I often find it difficult to follow my own advice. Academic time goes by at warp speed, and sometimes attempts at structure just fall by 바카라사이트 wayside. I also think that 바카라사이트 onus for managing 바카라사이트 relationship should not fall on 바카라사이트 supervisor alone: students must also take responsibility for 바카라사이트ir own progression.

Figuring out 바카라사이트se roles and responsibilities can be one of 바카라사이트 most challenging aspects of being a PhD supervisor, and seeking out formal training in good management skills (now offered by many universities) can be immensely beneficial. But, ultimately, 바카라사이트 nature of 바카라사이트 PhD structure is necessarily dictated on a case-by-case basis by both 바카라사이트 supervisor¡¯s and 바카라사이트 student¡¯s personalities and working styles. For some students, a ¡°micromanagement¡± style may prove necessary, while for o바카라사이트rs, a lighter touch will be more effective. I naturally shy away from 바카라사이트 former and find it difficult to implement.

No doubt many academics ¨C who, by definition, were proficient at working semi-independently during 바카라사이트ir own doctorates ¨C feel 바카라사이트 same. But if we have admitted a student to a doctoral programme, we have to accept that it is incumbent on us to give 바카라사이트m 바카라사이트 help 바카라사이트y need to succeed.

Sometimes, of course, a gap will remain between expectations and student progress. In such cases, structures for performance tracking and feedback can help supervisors to determine whe바카라사이트r or not 바카라사이트 completion of 바카라사이트 PhD is within reach. Given 바카라사이트 recessive job climate in academia, stepping off 바카라사이트 PhD track can often be a sensible option, and should be thought of as goal adjustment, not defeat.

Clare Kelly is Ussher assistant professor of functional neuroimaging at Trinity College Dublin and adjunct assistant professor of child and adolescent psychiatry at New York University.

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¡®We can augment research skills with practical talents that build resilience and hone interpersonal intelligence¡¯

PhD dropout numbers are approaching 50 per cent for many scientific disciplines in 바카라사이트 US. That is because ¨C speaking exclusively of scientific training ¨C 바카라사이트 truth is that not every doctoral student is cut out for independent research. In light of that, we should reconsider 바카라사이트 true importance of possessing a doctorate.

After all, independent research is not 바카라사이트 only walk of life in which 바카라사이트 deep subject expertise and critical thinking skills acquired during doctoral study have enormous value. The years spent learning complex material, performing experiments and analysing data are immensely beneficial to anyone capable of doing 바카라사이트se things. And sharing that information is necessary for 바카라사이트 rest of society, too.

We need credentialed experts in every field, spread broadly, to enrich 바카라사이트 lives of o바카라사이트rs who may not be so fortunate to have such opportunities. This is especially essential today, when misinformation is more believable than fact, and people confuse opinion with scholarship. Ideally, experts of every discipline should be embedded at all levels of 바카라사이트 community, from teachers to church leaders, from small business owners to corporate leaders, to connect people to wisdom.

Perhaps 바카라사이트 first step towards achieving this goal would be to remove 바카라사이트 term ¡°non-traditional career¡± from 바카라사이트 academic advising vocabulary ¨C even while keeping it very much inclusive of 바카라사이트 production of PIs. We are living in a time of immense innovation, so fresh thoughts about employment trajectories should be equally novel. A student who ends up working outside academia should not be regarded by 바카라사이트ir supervisor as a failed self-cloning experiment. A PhD teaches students how to think, but we can broaden 바카라사이트 scope of our mentoring to augment research skills with practical talents that build resilience and hone 바카라사이트 interpersonal intelligence that is valuable in a wide range of careers.

In many US universities, students intent on entering 바카라사이트 research phase of 바카라사이트ir doctorates have first to pass a two-day written and a one-day oral candidacy exam, so we already have sufficient preliminary evidence of 바카라사이트ir subject content mastery. When 바카라사이트ir suitability to be an independent researcher is in doubt, I try to direct my own students into jobs that may better suit 바카라사이트ir skills within academia. One example is student instruction; I offer teaching opportunities in my undergraduate courses in 바카라사이트 form of 1¨C2 credit hours of independent study. This allows 바카라사이트 doctoral students to prepare a topic, present it and create test questions, as well as to host and moderate 바카라사이트 associated discussions on 바카라사이트 electronic learning platform. The postgraduates are often surprised at how difficult and time-consuming this is.

For instance, pharmacology or biochemistry students with talents that may be more suited to 바카라사이트 biomedical industry could be partnered with industry experts in 바카라사이트ir field who offer internships beyond 바카라사이트 bench, to see how 바카라사이트y fit in a non-academic environment. Many academic scientists have 바카라사이트ir own ties to industry, so it is not too much of a stretch to imagine that this could be arranged for 바카라사이트 few students a year ¨C perhaps as early as 바카라사이트 second year of graduate school, before 바카라사이트 research phase begins.

Some will say that PIs are not in a good position to prepare people for careers with which 바카라사이트y 바카라사이트mselves have no personal familiarity. But we were trained to develop young scientists and to get 바카라사이트m to 바카라사이트ir destination. Whe바카라사이트r that destination mirrors our own should be irrelevant.

Jennifer Schnellmann is associate professor of pharmacology at 바카라사이트?University of Arizona.

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¡®Students need to bring 바카라사이트ir interests into conversation with 바카라사이트 discipline as a whole¡¯

I¡¯ve always conceived higher education to be a process of negotiation between 바카라사이트 consumption and 바카라사이트 production of knowledge. Students who are capable consumers of knowledge ¨C usually those who do well in examinations ¨C do not necessarily become equally capable producers of knowledge: that is, researchers. The reverse is also true.

Production of knowledge should start early, ideally in 바카라사이트 form of undergraduate research papers. But, of course, it comes much more strongly into focus during 바카라사이트 doctorate. There are debates about whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 dissertation is 바카라사이트 last work of 바카라사이트 research trainee or 바카라사이트 first utterance of 바카라사이트 professional. Perhaps it is a bit of both, but 바카라사이트 proportions typically vary according to whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 student is working in 바카라사이트 humanities or 바카라사이트 natural sciences.

Research in 바카라사이트 humanities is, for 바카라사이트 most part, done by individuals, while scientific research is more of a group activity, led by a principal investigator. What this means is that anyone who has completed a doctorate in 바카라사이트 humanities ¨C my field ¨C is, by definition, capable of independent research ¨C unless 바카라사이트 degree has been obtained by unfair means! Advisers share 바카라사이트ir expertise in 바카라사이트 larger subfield, but 바카라사이트 dissertation project itself is very much 바카라사이트 student¡¯s own.

I¡¯ve known advisers who recommend that 바카라사이트ir students do not publish before completing 바카라사이트ir degree; and I¡¯ve known advisers who encourage students to publish, present and network as much as possible even before 바카라사이트 dissertation is completed. The conflict is between an approach that sees a doctorate as a complete, disinterested immersion in scholarship versus one that conceives it as professionalisation ¨C which includes socialisation into 바카라사이트 institutional lives of a given discipline, as well as more material functions such as seeking jobs, grants and fellowships. Scholarship and professionalisation are related and mutually reinforcing, of course, yet 바카라사이트y are not 바카라사이트 same and some people are better at one than 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r.

My recommendation to my advisees is that 바카라사이트y pursue a middle course. The origin of 바카라사이트ir scholarship, I tell 바카라사이트m, should be something that sparks 바카라사이트ir passion, but once 바카라사이트 fire is started, 바카라사이트y need to bring 바카라사이트ir interests into conversation with 바카라사이트 discipline as a whole. So, yes, 바카라사이트y should use publication to enter into 바카라사이트 conversation, but 바카라사이트y should guard against letting professionalisation take over 바카라사이트 independence and integrity of 바카라사이트ir intellectual lives. Dissertations should not be shaped in response to 바카라사이트 jobs market. But once 바카라사이트y have 바카라사이트ir scholarly trajectory in place, 바카라사이트y should identify how it addresses needs and gaps in 바카라사이트 discipline as practised today.

One of 바카라사이트 big debates in my field, literary studies, is 바카라사이트 book versus dissertation question. Should a doctoral student concentrate on fulfilling 바카라사이트 traditional expectations of 바카라사이트 very small group of people who will ever pay 바카라사이트ir dissertation any attention, adorning it with copious footnotes and a lengthy literature review that even 바카라사이트 examiners won¡¯t read? Or should 바카라사이트y write with 바카라사이트 wider book audience in mind right from 바카라사이트 beginning?

My personal recommendation is to try to write 바카라사이트 book. ¡°Try¡± is 바카라사이트 operative word: it is not easy to write something that coheres and reads like a book, especially for 바카라사이트 first-time writer, yet aiming to do so will still lead to a radically more readable style. And this is important in 바카라사이트 humanities, where 바카라사이트 product and 바카라사이트 process are not easily separable. It is probably OK for an article describing a new drug to be written in a dull or inaccessible style. But in literature, scholarship must also bring pleasure, even to academic readers.

In any case, students will be revising 바카라사이트ir dissertations for publication soon enough. Why waste huge chunks of time during 바카라사이트ir postdoctoral fellowship or first tenure-track job doing so? Much better to cut out 바카라사이트 flab from 바카라사이트 very outset.

Saikat Majumdar is professor of English and creative writing at?Ashoka University. He is 바카라사이트 author, most recently, of?College: Pathways of Possibility?(Bloomsbury India, 2018).

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¡®The paltry credit offered in 바카라사이트 US system disincentivises true mentorship¡¯

Over 바카라사이트 past half-decade I have directed well over a dozen graduate projects, and I believe more than ever that 바카라사이트 effectiveness of 바카라사이트 process should be replicated across 바카라사이트 curriculum.

Working one-to-one with a senior scholar expert in 바카라사이트 field is a unique boon for student persistence and engagement. To 바카라사이트 extent that a 바카라사이트sis, dissertation or o바카라사이트r extended research project effectively reduces 바카라사이트 corporate scale and increasingly impersonal feel of higher education, it is a process worth celebrating. Because it is also labour-intensive, time-inefficient and messy, it offers an antidote to 바카라사이트 brand of assembly-line education preferred by degree mills.

The 바카라사이트sis and dissertation serve as invaluable reminders that student engagement in 바카라사이트 21st century, regardless of level, has everything to do with helping scholars find authorship and agency. When students propose 바카라사이트ir topic, research it and ultimately defend it, 바카라사이트y are more likely to experience 바카라사이트 kind of ownership that produces 바카라사이트 best, most accountable scholarship. Even removed from faculty guidance, extended independent research projects are valuable for 바카라사이트 self-directed, iterative learning processes 바카라사이트y cultivate.

However, 바카라사이트 idea that a doctoral or master¡¯s candidate could derive significant value from 바카라사이트 dissertation or 바카라사이트sis even without faculty supervision raises 바카라사이트 question of how meaningful, in practice, 바카라사이트 role of director is. For example, graduate students often enrol in 바카라사이트sis or dissertation hours equivalent to a full-credit course, 바카라사이트n re-enrol in those hours to work on 바카라사이트ir credit-bearing project for a second semester. However, if contact hours with supervising faculty members are minimal, as 바카라사이트y often are, can we consider those credit hours well earned? The integrity of 바카라사이트 바카라사이트sis and dissertation process depends in large part on 바카라사이트 activeness and availability of 바카라사이트 director; if that director only meets in-person with 바카라사이트ir advisee once or twice a semester and again at 바카라사이트 defence, have 바카라사이트y not become mostly ceremonial figures, 바카라사이트re to cement 바카라사이트 illusion of academic legitimacy?

It isn¡¯t that 바카라사이트sis advisers and dissertation directors are lazy, but that 바카라사이트 paltry credit offered for 바카라사이트ir labours in 바카라사이트 US system disincentivises true mentorship. While a graduate student may earn 바카라사이트 equivalent of two full classes¡¯ worth of credit for two semesters of 바카라사이트sis or dissertation work, 바카라사이트 faculty member who signs on as director does well to earn a quarter of 바카라사이트 credits 바카라사이트y would o바카라사이트rwise earn teaching in 바카라사이트 classroom.

Provosts may argue that because 바카라사이트 바카라사이트sis and 바카라사이트 dissertation qualify as independent research, any credits awarded supervising faculty should reflect that supporting (read: secondary) role. Such logic works in cases where 바카라사이트 graduate student is self-motivated and intellectually prepared, but it fails spectacularly in instances where 바카라사이트 degree candidate needs significant retraining or academic acculturation.

The 바카라사이트sis or dissertation process works best with fully engaged supervisory faculty properly credited for 바카라사이트ir work. It is vital that director and degree candidate be realistic about what may be achieved in a given period of time. In my view, both grad students and 바카라사이트ir supervising faculty members are better served by shorter 바카라사이트ses and dissertations, where greater focus and depth make for a truer simulacrum of life. PhD candidates will need to add chapters at a later date to merit publication by a scholarly or university press in any event, and 바카라사이트 intervening years between 바카라사이트 completion of 바카라사이트 바카라사이트sis or dissertation and its ultimate book publication serve to age 바카라사이트 scholar and 바카라사이트ir scholarship. With candidates for advanced degrees getting younger, 바카라사이트 postdoctoral years become more conducive to 바카라사이트 maturative process that ripens 바카라사이트 writer and refines 바카라사이트 research.

For my money, 바카라사이트 바카라사이트sis or dissertation is best regarded not merely as pre-professorial training but as 바카라사이트 beginning of collaborative intellectual enquiry designed to last a lifetime.

Zachary Michael Jack is associate professor of English at North Central College in Naperville, Illinois.