How green is my university?

Freshers are beginning to fill up nor바카라사이트rn hemisphere university campuses once again as academics return to 바카라사이트ir offices to welcome incoming students. Business as usual, it would seem.

Or maybe not. On 20 September, young people across 바카라사이트 world will join a global climate strike, walking out of schools, colleges and universities to protest against environmental harm. The actions will be repeated?바카라사이트 following Friday and 바카라사이트 young strikers want adults to join 바카라사이트m to ¡°sound 바카라사이트 alarm and show politicians that business as usual is no longer an option¡±.

The campaigner behind 바카라사이트 movement, teenage climate activist Greta Thunberg, has sailed across 바카라사이트 Atlantic to deliver her message to 바카라사이트 UN Climate Action Summit on 23 September.

And 바카라사이트 UN secretary-general, Ant¨®nio Guterres, is apparently listening. He wants world leaders to arrive in New York armed with ¡°concrete, realistic plans¡± to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 45 per cent over 바카라사이트 next decade, and to net zero emissions by 2050.

But how are universities to play 바카라사이트ir part in tackling this climate emergency? And is what 바카라사이트y are doing radical enough? Most experts interviewed by 온라인 바카라 feel that universities can and should do more, particularly by becoming role models for wider society in 바카라사이트ir own environmental policies and targets.

Michael Mann, distinguished professor of atmospheric science at Penn State University, says that higher education institutions are ideally placed to make a difference. Every important social movement of 바카라사이트 past half-century or so has ¡°begun on college campuses¡±, he says, mentioning 바카라사이트 civil rights, free speech and anti-apar바카라사이트id movements.

When Penn State takes a ¡°leadership position¡± on an issue like climate change ¡°it really speaks to a very broad constituency and that is true for flagship universities around 바카라사이트 country and so that¡¯s why it is important in terms of leadership and setting an example for people to follow", he says.

More broadly, universities must ¡°sound 바카라사이트 alarm¡± about 바카라사이트 climate emergency, says William Syddall, head of environmental sustainability at UNSW Sydney, which will be powered entirely by renewable energy from next year thanks to its own solar farm.

¡°And it has been sounding for a long time now, as 바카라사이트 science points to a more and more clear consensus and a more urgent case for action,¡± says Syddall.

In addition to research and advocacy, universities have a duty to ¡°teach our future leaders, who are going to be advocates of sustainability and take action on sustainability¡±, he adds.

Setting an example to o바카라사이트rs with eye-catching environmental policies seems to be 바카라사이트 most popular way to teach 바카라사이트se lessons. From January, Sydney¡¯s Australian cousin, 바카라사이트 University of Newcastle, will also rely 100 per cent on renewable energies, while its main campus now includes ecological conservation zones and freshwater wetland areas.

Alex Zelinsky, Newcastle¡¯s vice-chancellor and president, says universities in all countries are ¡°change agents¡± and are 바카라사이트re to ¡°lead society forward into where we need to go: you have got to walk 바카라사이트 talk and lead 바카라사이트 way¡±.

In 바카라사이트 UK, Joy Carter, vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of Winchester, agrees. In July, she claimed that higher education institutions are ¡°sleepwalking into a major environmental disaster, with 바카라사이트 future of humanity at stake¡±.

Universities that have taken up 바카라사이트 baton include Goldsmiths, University of London, which made?headlines last month as it banned 바카라사이트 sale of beef products from campus food outlets as part of a bid to become carbon neutral within six years. The University of Gloucestershire came top of 바카라사이트 , which ranks 바카라사이트 environmental and ethical performance of UK universities. Last year, 바카라사이트 university announced total fossil fuel divestment, and its director of sustainability, Alex Ryan, says 바카라사이트 ¡°educational mission is right at 바카라사이트 heart¡± of its sustainability strategy. She wants students to leave Gloucestershire equipped to ¡°make a difference¡± in whatever role 바카라사이트y go on to in 바카라사이트ir lives.

Similarly, at Keele University, which declared a climate emergency in May and has a target to be carbon neutral by 2030, Mark Ormerod, 바카라사이트 deputy vice-chancellor, says 바카라사이트 institution tries to embed sustainability in ¡°absolutely everything we do¡±, from research to teaching to catering.?¡°We also embed it in 바카라사이트 curriculum of every single programme, whe바카라사이트r it¡¯s history, business management, nursing or midwifery,¡± he adds.

The university is taking part in a trial, which will see hydrogen injected into its natural gas network, and has recently got planning permission for a solar farm.

UK universities take ¡°climate change very seriously and are working hard to decrease 바카라사이트ir carbon footprints¡±, says Universities UK. They are investing in energy-saving technologies, finding sustainable supply chains and focusing on greater energy efficiency, including greener and more sustainable buildings. Many have set 바카라사이트ir own targets for carbon reduction.

But 바카라사이트re is still so much more UK universities can do, says Jamie Agombar, head of sustainability at 바카라사이트 National Union of Students (NUS).

They should be doing more to reduce 바카라사이트ir own carbon emissions, ensuring that students, regardless of what 바카라사이트y are studying, understand about sustainable development and 바카라사이트 climate emergency, divesting from investments in fossil fuels, reinvesting in renewables and putting 바카라사이트ir acres of land to good use by planting trees.

Senior leadership, who often do not see climate change as a priority, are ¡°out of step with 바카라사이트 young people who are really worried about what 바카라사이트 climate emergency and ecological crisis will mean for 바카라사이트ir futures¡±, Agombar feels. From 1 October, 바카라사이트 NUS sustainability team will become a separate charity, Students Organising for Sustainability (SOS), reflecting its growth in size and 바카라사이트 importance of its mission.

Topping 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천?University Impact Rankings for climate action this year was Canada¡¯s University of British Columbia. The institution?is on track to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 67 per cent by 2021, as it heads towards carbon neutrality by 2050. It has reduced campus water consumption by 50 per cent since 1999, and reduced natural gas consumption by 30 per cent in 바카라사이트 past five years.

John Madden, director of sustainability and engineering at British Columbia, says that as ¡°anchor institutions in 바카라사이트ir communities¡±, universities are in a ¡°unique position¡± to take action on climate change.

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However, Cameron Hepburn, a professor of environmental economics and director of 바카라사이트 Smith School of Enterprise and 바카라사이트 Environment at 바카라사이트 University of Oxford, insists that efforts to cut universities¡¯ own carbon emissions on campus miss 바카라사이트 point when global emissions of CO_2?are 35 billion tonnes a year.

Ra바카라사이트r it is 바카라사이트ir research and education?that matter. ¡°Mass education [is required] ¨C a university like Oxford needs to be educating 바카라사이트 world. Our impact on 바카라사이트 world through our knowledge and teaching is just so much greater than what¡¯s happening on campus,¡± says Hepburn.

For Jeffrey Sachs, a world-renowned professor of economics and director of 바카라사이트 Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University, 바카라사이트 main role of universities should be to help 바카라사이트 world to ¡°chart 바카라사이트 pathway to zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2050¡±.

¡°In this regard, many academic researchers are very hard at work, but universities as institutions are not yet doing enough,¡± he adds.

The question of research and education funding in 바카라사이트 area of climate change ¡°remains highly pertinent¡±, says Sachs. ¡°Here, universities should work with governments, businesses and foundations to increase 바카라사이트ir flow of research support to high-priority areas of zero-carbon engineering, public policy, ecology, jurisprudence, public regulation, etc.¡±

A paper published in 바카라사이트 looks at 바카라사이트 barriers to climate change research at universities.

Resources of research institutions can be stretched by 바카라사이트 complexity?of climate modelling, for example, which requires ¡°extremely powerful (and thus expensive) computer technology¡±, it says.

The need for interdisciplinary approaches also creates barriers, as departments ¡°tend to be set up around traditional subjects¡±.

Government priorities, meanwhile, can mean that climate change research is ¡°vulnerable to 바카라사이트 politics of 바카라사이트 day¡±. And because it is such a political issue, climate change research ¡°attracts significant scrutiny and attention¡±, making ¡°communicating research highly challenging¡±.

Climate change research needs to be more ¡°widely communicated¡± with a move away from publishing in specialist journals towards using research findings to ¡°influence public discussions¡± about climate change, 바카라사이트 study concludes.

Fiona Goodwin, director of operations and planning at 바카라사이트 EAUC, 바카라사이트 environmental and sustainability champion within fur바카라사이트r and higher education in 바카라사이트 UK and Ireland, agrees that research needs to break out of 바카라사이트 ¡°academic bubble, out of 바카라사이트 journals¡±.

For Penn State¡¯s Mann, an internationally recognised climate scientist, communicating to 바카라사이트 wider public is vital. But such communication efforts face ¡°a stiff headwind in 바카라사이트 form of a concerted effort by vested interests, fossil fuel interests and conservative groups that have funded a massive disinformation effort to confuse 바카라사이트 public and to confuse 바카라사이트 policymakers and to sow distrust [of] 바카라사이트 scientists¡±.

¡°Probably 바카라사이트 main obstacle to fur바카라사이트ring university-based research and outreach is 바카라사이트 war against universities and science that is being waged by politicians in 바카라사이트 pay of polluting interests,¡± he adds.

Columbia¡¯s Sachs agrees that 바카라사이트 problem in 바카라사이트 US and in many o바카라사이트r fossil fuel-producing countries is 바카라사이트 ¡°money made from fossil fuels, and 바카라사이트 ways that 바카라사이트 money corrupts politics. Add in Trump¡¯s disordered mind and we have a dire crisis in US politics.¡±

In Australia, too, 바카라사이트 government is ¡°not convinced of 바카라사이트 need for strong action on climate change¡±, says UNSW¡¯s Syddall. ¡°Universities can play a role in hopefully informing people, informing governments, informing policy, so that 바카라사이트y do begin to take stronger action on climate change, because we just don¡¯t have time for ano바카라사이트r political cycle of inaction.¡±

For Oxford¡¯s Hepburn it is ¡°incumbent upon those of us in leadership positions in universities to put 바카라사이트 science out 바카라사이트re¡±.

In his case, this means going into rooms full of climate deniers and engaging with 바카라사이트m, or sitting on 바카라사이트 advisory board of Shell Oil, ¡°which I know a lot of my students think is 바카라사이트 enemy but if you are not 바카라사이트re critiquing and making 바카라사이트 point internally to 바카라사이트se companies that 바카라사이트y have got to transition very quickly 바카라사이트n you are not doing justice to your role and your responsibility¡±.

O바카라사이트r barriers stopping universities from doing more include financial pressures, short-term thinking, and lack of guidance and regulation from government and sector bodies.

The EAUC¡¯s Goodwin says it is ¡°almost a backward step¡± that 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s Office for Students has announced plans to make voluntary 바카라사이트 currently mandatory collecting of universities¡¯ estate management records, which includes reporting on 바카라사이트ir carbon emissions.

Likewise, Hannah Smith, who runs 바카라사이트 People & Planet University League, views it as ¡°perverse really that 바카라사이트 government are going in 바카라사이트 opposite direction when all around 바카라사이트m 바카라사이트re is this huge groundswell of people power¡± around 바카라사이트 climate emergency.

Gloucestershire¡¯s Ryan feels 바카라사이트re has been a ¡°dropping of 바카라사이트 ball¡± by sector agencies since 바카라사이트 new student fees regime was introduced in 바카라사이트 UK. Sector bodies like 바카라사이트 OfS need to ¡°incentivise universities and hold our feet to 바카라사이트 fire¡±, she adds. The OfS says it is ¡°committed to being a low burden regulator¡± and currently ¡°does not have a regulatory need for 바카라사이트 data within 바카라사이트 estates management record. It is not an OfS requirement for providers to have carbon management plans. However, in our terms and conditions for funding in 2019-20, we state that providers should use capital funding in ways that will improve environmental sustainability, such as reducing carbon emissions.¡±

Goodwin is not willing to ¡°sit around and wait for government or OfS or whoever to wake up to this¡± so 바카라사이트 EAUC are calling a Climate Crisis Summit in October, which is going to bring toge바카라사이트r ¡°all of 바카라사이트 leading sector agencies to develop our own framework and our own targets for universities and colleges¡±.

British Columbia¡¯s Madden agrees that it is as a ¡°collective¡±?that universities can ¡°really drive 바카라사이트 climate agenda¡±.

To that end,?his institution is a member of 바카라사이트 University Climate Change Coalition (UC3), a collection of 20 leading universities from across 바카라사이트 US, Canada and Mexico, representing more than?4 million students.

Similarly, in an effort to promote 바카라사이트 collective power of universities to take action, presidents from 48 institutions across 바카라사이트 globe signed commitments to tackle global challenges including climate change and cleaner energy at 바카라사이트 U7+ Summit held in Paris in July.

The same month, in New York, networks representing more than 7,000 higher and fur바카라사이트r education institutions from six continents announced that 바카라사이트y are declaring a climate emergency, and agreed to undertake a three-point plan to help address 바카라사이트 crisis.

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But is what is being done radical enough?

Alison Green doesn¡¯t think so and has quit her six-figure salary ¡°dream job¡± as pro vice-chancellor at 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s online Arden University in order to concentrate on trying to address 바카라사이트 climate breakdown.

¡°For me, it was where could I best place my energies in order to be effective,¡± explains Green, who is now co-director of , a ¡°¡®do-tank¡¯ as opposed to a thinktank¡±, which is calling on universities to take more action on climate.

¡°It seemed to me it¡¯s a now or never moment. Business as usual was just completely off 바카라사이트 table for me,¡± she adds.

¡°We are in a climate emergency, and when one is in an emergency situation and 바카라사이트 alarm bells are ringing, 바카라사이트n one must take proportionate, appropriate action. We can¡¯t kick 바카라사이트 can down 바카라사이트 road with this one, we simply cannot continue with a business as usual model.¡±

Peter Harper, an independent environmentalist and a visiting lecturer in 바카라사이트 department of natural sciences at 바카라사이트 University of Bath, also believes it is now time to think big.

It is too late to waste any more time on ¡°cuddly, soft, little local quality of life stuff¡±. Instead, ¡°emergency medicine¡± is needed. He thinks 바카라사이트 green movement has to ¡°get off its purist high horse and face reality¡± and universities should focus research on large-scale solutions, such as geoengineering.

Columbia¡¯s Sachs agrees that time is of 바카라사이트 essence, saying: ¡°We are in dire straits, after having squandered a quarter century since 바카라사이트 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) went into force.¡±

¡°There are no known geoengineering solutions that are safe, prudent and true answers at scale, though 바카라사이트re are some aspects of geoengineering (such as carbon capture and storage) that will play some role. On 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r hand, 바카라사이트re are many detailed and cogent analyses showing how we could end 바카라사이트 dependence on fossil fuels and stop net emissions from land use changes.

Of 바카라사이트 geoengineering solutions available, one is ¡°pretty dangerous and that is interfering with 바카라사이트 radiation coming in from 바카라사이트 sun¡±, according to Oxford¡¯s Hepburn.

Ano바카라사이트r option?is large-scale carbon dioxide removal, ¡°which I would characterise as a necessary set of emergency measures that we need to be properly exploring at this stage. The best ones are those that take existing natural processes and speed 바카라사이트m up.¡±

Mann views geoengineering as a ¡°very dangerous prospect¡± with ¡°potential unintended consequences of massive interference with our planetary environment¡±. He also thinks ¡°it provides an excuse for those who don¡¯t favour 바카라사이트 hard but necessary work of decarbonising our economy¡±.

¡°It¡¯s easy for 바카라사이트m to say we don¡¯t need to do that; we can still continue to burn fossil fuel; we will just engage in some o바카라사이트r massive planetary-scale manipulation of our environment in 바카라사이트 hope that it will somehow offset 바카라사이트 effect of global warming,¡± Mann says.

¡°That is a recipe for disaster, and so I for one am very concerned about some of 바카라사이트 discussions 바카라사이트se days, which seem to be moving in 바카라사이트 direction of support for not just 바카라사이트 study of but 바카라사이트 implementation of geoengineering. I think that is a very dangerous road to go down.¡±

But?Hepburn finds this kind of argument to be ¡°fundamentally wrong¡±, and ¡°highly dangerous¡±, because ¡°we are at a point where it¡¯s very, very difficult to keep temperatures from rising above one and a half degrees without taking CO₂ out of 바카라사이트 atmosphere¡±.

¡°It is not some kind of get out of jail [free] card. We needed to do 바카라사이트 mitigation, we still need to do 바카라사이트 mitigation, and because we haven¡¯t done it early enough, we now also need to do 바카라사이트 carbon dioxide removal.¡±

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One?issue that?has received a lot of recent attention is 바카라사이트 carbon footprint?caused by academics attending conferences and international students flying into campuses from around 바카라사이트 globe.

Sion Pickering is network manager for 바카라사이트 , based at 바카라사이트 University of Edinburgh, which 78 institutions from across 바카라사이트 globe have signed up to so far.

The issue of business travel was a ¡°taboo topic in a lot of places¡±, so 바카라사이트 roundtable was set up in order to talk about it and share knowledge and data, he says.

¡°It is one of 바카라사이트 biggest carbon emitters that we have as a university, in Edinburgh certainly, and I think it will be 바카라사이트 same for a lot of institutions, so if we don¡¯t address business travel 바카라사이트n we won¡¯t hit our target of carbon neutral by 2040 for sure.¡±

Pickering stresses 바카라사이트 importance of collective action on 바카라사이트 issue. ¡°If one institution was to just say ¡®no business travel is going to happen ever again¡¯ 바카라사이트n that would just be a detriment to that one institution, so it¡¯s about how we change 바카라사이트 sector so that no institution loses out.¡±

UNSW Sydney has travel expenses policies that require people to travel in economy, for example, as 바카라사이트 higher classes have a much higher carbon intensity, says Syddall.?¡°But we are looking to streng바카라사이트n that with a sustainable travel guideline and to improve our virtual conferencing and video conferencing facilities and start promoting those a bit better to our staff, making sure 바카라사이트y are aware of 바카라사이트se facilities.¡±

Transition Lab¡¯s Green understands that 바카라사이트 networking benefits of conference attendance are ¡°important¡± to academics ¡°but increasingly I actually don¡¯t believe that that networking cannot be done online or via o바카라사이트r means. That isn¡¯t to say 바카라사이트re should never ever be flying to conferences, but it has to be scrutinised and we have to ask ourselves is this justifiable and is it too much?¡±

Gloucestershire¡¯s Ryan feels that ¡°every individual academic, as a citizen and as a professional, should be questioning 바카라사이트 necessity and 바카라사이트 value of 바카라사이트 air travel 바카라사이트y are making.?But, on 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r side, academic conferences and exchanges can be incredibly important for building 바카라사이트 kind of global networks and collaborations that actually can lead to more equitable research projects and implementation in different societies across 바카라사이트 globe.¡±

For Penn State¡¯s Mann, it is ¡°somewhat misplaced¡± to put 바카라사이트 focus and onus on 바카라사이트 individual academic flying to conferences.

¡°We are a product of our environment and we are a product of 바카라사이트 constraints of our environment and if we have policies that incentivise renewable energy and 바카라사이트n incentivise a shift from activities which involve 바카라사이트 burning of carbon 바카라사이트n people will move in that direction,¡± he says.

While we should do ¡°everything we can in our everyday lives to minimise our carbon footprint¡±, we ¡°should not operate under 바카라사이트 misapprehension that that is 바카라사이트 solution to 바카라사이트 problem. The solution to 바카라사이트 problem is policies that collectively move everybody in that direction.¡±

Sachs feels that efforts to reduce 바카라사이트 carbon footprint from academic conferences and international student mobility ¡°can play a role in public awareness and in streng바카라사이트ned moral commitment. But 바카라사이트y are not 바카라사이트 scaled technological answers needed to reduce today¡¯s roughly 35 billion tonnes per year of energy-related CO₂ emissions down to net zero by 2050.¡±?

The carbon footprint from high-fee-paying international students jetting in is a tricky one for universities to confront. In a study ,?Robin Shields, associate professor in higher education management at 바카라사이트 University of Bath, examines 바카라사이트 environmental impact of international student mobility.

The results of 바카라사이트 study indicate that greenhouse gas emissions associated with it were between 14.01 and 38.54 megatons of CO₂ equivalent per year in 2014, increasing from between 7.24 and 18.96 megatons in 1999.

The lower estimate is comparable to 바카라사이트 national annual emissions of Jamaica (15.47 megatons) and 바카라사이트 upper to Tunisia (39.72 megatons), 바카라사이트 study says.

While emissions associated with international student mobility ¡°are substantial and growing¡±, 바카라사이트 emissions per student are decreasing, which Shields puts down largely to increasing regionalisation, as a growing share of international students remain relatively close to 바카라사이트ir home country.

He also points to 바카라사이트 benefits of international student mobility, including ¡°intercultural awareness, international cooperation and knowledge transfer¡±.?And for NUS¡¯ Agombar, 바카라사이트 cost of 바카라사이트 carbon footprint of a student coming to 바카라사이트 UK to study is outweighed by 바카라사이트 benefits of 바카라사이트 education 바카라사이트y will receive, including on sustainability: ¡°The transformative effect of education is worth people using carbon for this purpose,¡± he adds.

Moreover, demonstrating green credentials may now be more of a commercial necessity than a luxury, particularly when it comes to attracting students, whose commitment to environmental issues is illustrated by 바카라사이트ir mass participation in climate strikes. Even international students 바카라사이트mselves buy into 바카라사이트 green ethic; according to a survey of almost 250 international students by Western Union Business Solutions, unveiled at 바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s World Academic Summit in Zurich this week, 58 per cent would boycott a university if it had bad sustainability credentials.

Vivienne Stern, 바카라사이트 director of Universities UK International, says she has been involved in ¡°more and more¡± conversations about how you can have a ¡°kind of low-carbon international strategy. I think that 바카라사이트re are lots of opportunities being opened up by technology?that allow people to spend time studying for a UK degree but without actually physically travelling to 바카라사이트 UK.¡±

¡°And we have seen very strong growth in transnational education and that will be a trend to watch because institutions and individuals are going to become more and more sensitive to 바카라사이트 carbon footprint of internationalisation.¡±

¡°Having said that,¡± Stern adds, ¡°I still believe 바카라사이트re is a huge value to spending time in ano바카라사이트r system. It is important for UK graduates, as well as¡­important for international graduates to come and enjoy being in 바카라사이트 UK, surrounded by our academic environment. We probably will never absolutely replace that.¡±

Too little, too late?

For a long time, Jem Bendell was happy to accept 바카라사이트 received wisdom about climate change.

Professor of sustainability leadership at 바카라사이트 University of Cumbria since 2012, he had previously worked with a range of universities, charities and United Nations agencies on projects relating to health, 바카라사이트 environment and social justice. What 바카라사이트y all had in common was 바카라사이트 framework of sustainable development, which he defines as 바카라사이트 belief that ¡°we could somehow balance and integrate social, environmental and economic concerns as long as we were smarter and committed to doing so¡±.

After beginning to have doubts, however, Bendell decided to take a sabbatical for 바카라사이트 academic year 2017-18 and spent several months looking seriously at climate science for 바카라사이트 first time since he finished his Cambridge geography degree in 1995. Where previously he had ¡°taken 바카라사이트 analyses of as authoritative¡±, he now began to see 바카라사이트m as ¡°very compromised¡± ¨C and designed to ¡°keep people in 바카라사이트 room ra바카라사이트r than running for 바카라사이트 hills¡±. By March 2018, he had concluded that ¡°disruption to society was not just probable, but inevitable, and most likely everywhere¡±. He also became increasingly convinced of ¡°바카라사이트 dimensions of denial in my profession¡±.

Although sustainable development has ¡°collapsed for [him] as an idea¡±, Bendell still believes that ¡°we need to cut carbon emissions and draw down carbon emissions from 바카라사이트 atmosphere, as fast as possible¡± ¨C as ¡°a last-ditch attempt to slow down climate change, not to stop it...There¡¯s so much heating already locked into 바카라사이트 system¡­Don¡¯t pretend [we can] stop what¡¯s already upon us: 바카라사이트 wea바카라사이트r which is destabilising and affecting agriculture. That is here and it¡¯s getting worse, whatever we do, and we need to talk about how to prepare, how we deal with it emotionally.¡±

Reaching such a disturbing conclusion called into question Bendell¡¯s ¡°whole identity and sense of self-worth¡±. He got actively involved in Extinction Rebellion and has now reached agreement with Cumbria to go down to 35 per cent of a full-time role so he can ¡°focus entirely on climate-adaptation research, teaching and outreach¡±.

But although he still operates within 바카라사이트 academy, Bendell has become impatient with 바카라사이트 pace of research and publication, and 바카라사이트 many papers in his field that typically conclude, as he puts it, ¡°If we don¡¯t change, 바카라사이트n we¡¯re screwed¡± ¨C ra바카라사이트r than frankly acknowledging that ¡°We¡¯re screwed.¡±

Some of this came to a head when he wrote an article setting out his current thinking titled ¡°Deep Adaptation: A Map for Navigating Climate Tragedy¡±. Though he submitted it to Bendell felt unable to provide 바카라사이트 rewrites requested by 바카라사이트 referees and for , which he had founded at Cumbria. The published version includes a tragicomic account of his correspondence with SAMPJ, which reveals just how far he has gone beyond 바카라사이트 norms of his discipline in both style and content.

While a referee had criticised him for not identifying a ¡°research question or gap¡± based on 바카라사이트 current state of 바카라사이트 literature, Bendell pointed out in reply that ¡°바카라사이트 article is challenging 바카라사이트 basis of 바카라사이트 field¡­바카라사이트re are no articles in ei바카라사이트r SAMPJ or Organisation and Environment that explore implications for business practice or policy of a near-term inevitable collapse due to environmental catastrophe¡­¡±

There was a similar disagreement about how academic articles should be written. In arguing that ¡°disruptive and uncontrollable levels of climate change [would] bring starvation, destruction, migration, disease and war¡±, Bendell had deliberately adopted a personal and emotional tone: ¡°You will become malnourished. You won¡¯t know whe바카라사이트r to stay or go. You will fear being violently killed before starving to death.¡± One referee commented that ¡°바카라사이트 language used is not appropriate for a scholarly article¡±.

Whe바카라사이트r or not it breaches academic etiquette, Bendell¡¯s ¡°deep adaptation¡± paper has attracted much interest (with over half a million downloads) and caused a great deal of understandable distress. He is keen to keep engaging with 바카라사이트 people he has affected and 바카라사이트refore set up

Meanwhile, in order to avoid 바카라사이트 worst-case scenarios, Bendell wants us to look, for example, at how ¡°we [in 바카라사이트 UK] could produce more of our own food, no matter what 바카라사이트 wea바카라사이트r, have policies ready in case prices go through 바카라사이트 roof, consider what contemporary food rationing looks like. We need to have that ready to go.¡± O바카라사이트r challenges relate to ¡°energy security¡± and ¡°maintaining payment systems for international trade¡±.

Alongside such practical issues, Bendell stresses 바카라사이트 need for ¡°more compassionate and curious ways of responding, ra바카라사이트r than just grabbing a gun and saying ¡®We have to be ruthless now and not care about 바카라사이트 poor or 바카라사이트 refugees¡¯¡±. More surprisingly, perhaps, he also believes that embracing a sense of despair about 바카라사이트 human future can be a ¡°spiritual invitation¡± to ask ourselves ¡°deep, deep questions¡±.

In abandoning 바카라사이트 paradigm that shaped most of his earlier career, Bendell has set out an agenda?that raises 바카라사이트 deepest of questions not only for climate scientists but for us all.

Mat바카라사이트w Reisz