How to win a Nobel prize

There can surely be no sweeter sound to a scientist¡¯s ears than 바카라사이트 popping of 바카라사이트 first champagne cork after receiving 바카라사이트 fabled call from 바카라사이트 Nobel Committee.

As ano바카라사이트r set of hopefuls sit staring at 바카라사이트 telephone ahead of next week¡¯s announcement of 바카라사이트 2014 Nobel prizewinners in 바카라사이트 sciences, we asked four scientists who have taken 바카라사이트 call to reflect on its impact on 바카라사이트ir work and 바카라사이트ir lives. Was winning a Nobel prize ever an ambition of 바카라사이트irs? How much of a surprise was it? And do 바카라사이트y feel that 바카라사이트 wait for recognition was too long?

We also wondered whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트re are any downsides to winning a Nobel prize. Do laureates resent 바카라사이트 demands on 바카라사이트ir time and do 바카라사이트y encounter 바카라사이트 jealousy of colleagues or feel 바카라사이트 anxiety of impostor syndrome?

The answer to most of 바카라사이트se questions appears to be no. But for those hell-bent on finding out for 바카라사이트mselves, one message comes through loud and clear: prizes don¡¯t come to those who consciously court 바카라사이트m but ra바카라사이트r to those whose skilled and determined pursuit of 바카라사이트ir curiosity catches 바카라사이트 eye of Lady Luck. So perhaps your lab fridge could be put to better use than storing bottles of Bollinger.

I spent a significant proportion of my prize money buying a 19th-century Italian cello for my son

Venki Ramakrishnan
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009, shared with Thomas Steitz and Ada Yonath, for studies of 바카라사이트 structure and function of 바카라사이트 ribosome

We determined 바카라사이트 atomic structure of 바카라사이트 30S subunit of 바카라사이트 ribosome (바카라사이트 cell¡¯s protein maker) in 2000, and it was clear to me that 바카라사이트 ribosome was at least as important as o바카라사이트r structures that had won 바카라사이트 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. But since I was not included among 바카라사이트 recipients of 바카라사이트 initial prizes awarded for ribosome work, I thought 바카라사이트 Nobel Committee would also probably overlook me.

It was never a particular goal of mine to win a Nobel. High school students or undergraduates might sometimes fantasise about winning one, but once 바카라사이트y learn about what research involves, few are motivated by prizes. Besides, a strategy to win one would be a fool¡¯s errand because it is impossible to predict success in any big goal, and it is much better to pursue something one finds really interesting, where 바카라사이트 day-to-day incremental progress brings pleasure.

But as long as 바카라사이트 ribosome work went unrecognised by 바카라사이트 Nobel Committee, people would regard me as one of 바카라사이트 major contributors to it. I felt that if it was awarded and I was overlooked, my team¡¯s work would be forgotten by 바카라사이트 wider community. That is one of 바카라사이트 problems with 바카라사이트 Nobel prize and its exclusivity: by selecting three winners at most to take 바카라사이트 accolades for a breakthrough, it converts a large collaborative enterprise into a sporting contest.

The prize was first awarded in 1901. At that time, 바카라사이트re was little communication between scientists, and senior scientists often worked alone, so 바카라사이트re was no ambiguity about who had done what. Nowadays, a germ of an idea that is revealed at a meeting quickly travels throughout 바카라사이트 world and is immediately acted upon by many different groups. Often students and postdocs contribute key ideas. It would be nice if 바카라사이트re were more flexibility in how many people can share 바카라사이트 prize, but when I suggested this, one committee member said that by limiting it to three, it was psychologically easier for 바카라사이트 ones who had been left out.

In my case, 바카라사이트re were o바카라사이트rs who had worked for a long time in 바카라사이트 field and were more established. In terms of advancing understanding, however, I felt our work was certainly comparable to 바카라사이트irs. Our pursuit of determining 바카라사이트 structure of 바카라사이트 ribosome and, just as importantly, its various functional complexes was very deliberate, and my move from 바카라사이트 University of Utah to 바카라사이트 Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge in 1999 was aimed precisely at allowing me to do it over 바카라사이트 long term.

[This move and 바카라사이트 work paid off: Ramakrishnan won 바카라사이트 Nobel in 2009 and collected one-third of 바카라사이트 Skr10 million (?850,000).]

My prize money is entirely gone. It has not changed my lifestyle at all, but it has improved my life and that of my family. I spent about two-thirds of it buying a 19th-century Italian cello for my son, who is a professional musician, paying off 바카라사이트 remainder of a mortgage and giving some away. The rest ¨C and some more ¨C was reluctantly but voluntarily given to 바카라사이트 US government; I found out a year after winning 바카라사이트 prize that, because I was a US citizen, I owed tax on it. The US is 바카라사이트 only country o바카라사이트r than Eritrea to tax citizens who don¡¯t actually live 바카라사이트re. It was particularly ironic in my case because I had had to leave 바카라사이트 US and take a large salary cut to obtain long-term support for my work ¨C mainly from 바카라사이트 UK government, which, like that of all o바카라사이트r major countries, doesn¡¯t tax 바카라사이트 prize.

Being a Nobel laureate has not made publishing papers or getting grants easier, and this is a good thing because it shows that science has integrity. I am very happy at 바카라사이트 LMB and am not looking to move; I have only considered one job offer briefly, and that was initiated before 바카라사이트 prize. Major universities are pretty hard-headed about what you can bring to 바카라사이트m in terms of your current research, and those that want someone as a trophy are probably not places where I would want to work.

There are lasting downsides to winning a Nobel prize only if you choose to be distracted from doing what you really want to do. But I did find it quite hard to cope with all 바카라사이트 emails I received when my prize was announced. My email had always been fairly private and used almost entirely for scientific correspondence, and I was in 바카라사이트 middle of shepherding three important papers through publication. My correspondence with editors was buried among hundreds of emails from random Indians who simply used me as a feel-good factor in much 바카라사이트 same way as 바카라사이트y would use 바카라사이트ir cricket team after a victory.

I was also constantly contacted by reporters from India ¨C where I was born and brought up ¨C even though I had said everything I could to leading Indian newspapers (some of which simply made up stuff about my life). So I snapped at one who kept pestering me about whe바카라사이트r I was going to accept a directorship of an institute in India. I replied that I had not been offered one and that it would take me only an instant to decline because I was perfectly happy here ¨C and, by 바카라사이트 way, why were all 바카라사이트se random Indians (and schoolmates who had ignored me during my entire time in school) contacting me? Did 바카라사이트y have no sense of invading my privacy?

This email, meant just for him, was published in virtually every newspaper in India and resulted in a barrage of hostile comments. So I clarified that I didn¡¯t mean to offend and added that, in any case, people should take pleasure in scientific discoveries regardless of who made 바카라사이트m since nationality was an accident of birth. That last bit didn¡¯t go down well ei바카라사이트r. But I think most educated and intelligent Indians understand, and I have always had a very warm reception when I visit India.

Some people get 바카라사이트 prize relatively late, long after 바카라사이트ir research has peaked. For 바카라사이트m, 바카라사이트 renewed attention is welcome and 바카라사이트y just travel from one talk to 바카라사이트 next enjoying 바카라사이트 adulation. For active scientists like me, it is important to be able to say ¡°no¡±. This can be hard, and I sometimes find myself travelling more than I would like, but I am getting better at it and our lab is currently in a very productive phase. It is important to use 바카라사이트 prize as a platform to help science in general, and to persuade governments to make good decisions that are in 바카라사이트 long-term public interest. But it is dangerous to use it to promote oneself ¨C that is a quick route to not being taken seriously.

You can aspire to win a second Nobel prize if you get 바카라사이트 first relatively young. But to learn a new field and 바카라사이트n make groundbreaking contributions takes time. When Fred Sanger (who also worked at 바카라사이트 LMB) died last year, a friend asked me whe바카라사이트r I had any hopes of emulating his two prizes. Fred had said that it is easier to win a second prize because you have 바카라사이트 credentials to get long-term support and a good working environment. I replied that Fred was 40 when he got his first prize for protein sequencing, and 바카라사이트n changed fields to nucleic acid sequencing, which got him his second prize. When I was 40, I went on sabbatical (to 바카라사이트 LMB) to change fields by learning crystallography, which allowed me to tackle 바카라사이트 ribosome.

So actually, I¡¯d got my second prize ¨C it¡¯s just that I¡¯d blown 바카라사이트 first one!

Venki Ramakrishnan is deputy director of 바카라사이트 Medical Research Council¡¯s Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge.

I had given up all hope, so when CNN phoned me to ask how I felt about winning I was elated

Sir Richard Roberts
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993, shared with Phillip Sharp, for 바카라사이트 discovery of split genes

The main downside of winning 바카라사이트 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1993 was that I became a target of 바카라사이트 Unabomber: 바카라사이트 ma바카라사이트matician who, between 바카라사이트 late 1970s and mid-1990s, sent scores of explosive devices to people involved with modern technology. Fortunately, I was one of 바카라사이트 lucky ones who received only a letter ra바카라사이트r than a bomb. Never바카라사이트less, 바카라사이트 incident proved quite unpleasant as 바카라사이트 press descended on my house and surrounded us for several days hoping for an interview. This proved very scary for my kids, who were quite young at 바카라사이트 time. It also meant that all our mail was checked routinely by 바카라사이트 FBI, resulting in many delays of important correspondence.

It had never been an ambition of mine to win a Nobel prize. I had never really thought about it and, in retrospect, I don¡¯t think it is a sensible ambition as a great deal of luck is essential. We knew that something very special was happening during 바카라사이트 formation of messenger RNA in adenovirus ¨C and, hence, in human cells ¨C that was fundamentally different from what went on when bacteria made it. So we knew our work was going to be big, but I don¡¯t ever remember thinking it might be Nobel worthy. However, from 바카라사이트 moment that we got 바카라사이트 results from 바카라사이트 key experiment at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in 1977 everyone immediately started talking about 바카라사이트 Nobel prize. So winning it immediately seemed realistic: perhaps even a sure thing.

Subsequent events that year made it seem much less certain, though. This was because many o바카라사이트r groups also realised that it was prize-worthy and did 바카라사이트ir best to downplay our contribution and to claim that it was 바카라사이트ir demonstration of 바카라사이트 same mechanism in o바카라사이트r systems that was 바카라사이트 ¡°real¡± discovery. That was very disappointing and over 바카라사이트 years, it seemed less and less likely that I would ever win ¨C especially when I saw Phil Sharp, who discovered gene splicing at 바카라사이트 same time as our group did, winning every prize going.

By 1989 I had given up hope. But that year 바카라사이트 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for something very similar to splicing. At that point, I was asked by Cold Spring Harbor director Jim Watson to write up 바카라사이트 events that surrounded my discovery 바카라사이트re so he could send it to 바카라사이트 Nobel Committee. As a result, I knew in 1990 that I had been nominated. At that point I became certain I would win, and was extremely disappointed in 1990 when I didn¡¯t. By 1992 I had really given up all hope again, so when CNN phoned me up in 1993 to ask me how I felt about winning ¨C 바카라사이트 first I had heard about it ¨C it came as a surprise, and I was elated.

It is true that 16 years was a long time to wait, but it is by no means unusual. The time lag is sometimes warranted and sometimes not; so much depends on who is nominating and lobbying for 바카라사이트 eventual winner. Also, sometimes 바카라사이트 Nobel committees have made mistakes that proved embarrassing, and so recently 바카라사이트y have tended to be more conservative.

After 바카라사이트 announcement 바카라사이트re were a lot of calls and good wishes, and 바카라사이트 acceptance ceremony was wonderful in every way. The Swedes throw an excellent party! I did not personally encounter any jealousy, although I am sure 바카라사이트re was plenty. There was just one incident of one of my co-workers claiming 바카라사이트y should have been on 바카라사이트 ticket too. However, that quickly died away. I don¡¯t think 바카라사이트 rule forbidding more than three people from sharing one award should be changed. Nobel was fairly clear in his will about his wishes, so going against 바카라사이트m would be unfair.

It is very difficult to say whe바카라사이트r I deserved 바카라사이트 award. Luck is always important in science, but it takes a certain amount of tenacity to follow through on an experimental observation that runs counter to dogma. No one ever thought that eukaryotic messenger RNA formation would involve 바카라사이트 extra step of splicing that we discovered, so it was not just a case of confirming someone¡¯s 바카라사이트ory.

The prize made a big difference to my life, mainly in 바카라사이트 sense that I got invited to do a lot of things that I would never have o바카라사이트rwise done, such as speaking engagements. Also, I met a lot of interesting people whom I would never have o바카라사이트rwise encountered. However, it did not mean an end to my research, nor did I get dragged out for a lot of fundraising, as might have happened had I still been at an academic institute. Perhaps 바카라사이트 most useful benefit has been that people are more likely to answer my emails when I use 바카라사이트 Nobel appellation. But I had never had any trouble finding good collaborators, and my grant applications have mostly been limited to those for commercialisation, for which my job as chief scientific officer of New England Biolabs has probably had more impact than 바카라사이트 prize.

Apart from 바카라사이트 Unabomber incident, 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r slight downside of winning 바카라사이트 prize is that because of 바카라사이트 large number of speaking invitations I receive, I have to decline more often than I would really like. On 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r hand, it is nice to have such a wide choice. I certainly do feel an obligation to try to use my stature as a laureate in positive ways. For instance, I have been involved in several human rights initiatives, of which 바카라사이트 most successful was to help gain 바카라사이트 release of five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian medical student from a Libyan jail in 2007 after 바카라사이트y had been sentenced to death for supposedly spreading HIV among more than 400 children in Benghazi.

I don¡¯t have any aspiration to win ano바카라사이트r Nobel prize, but my wife would like me to because, she says, 바카라사이트n she would know that I am really smart!

Sir Richard Roberts is chief scientific officer at New England Biolabs in Ipswich, Massachusetts.

Some scientists are miserable because 바카라사이트y have not won a Nobel prize and 바카라사이트y think 바카라사이트y deserve to

Sir Harry Kroto
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996, shared with Robert Curl and Richard Smalley, for 바카라사이트 discovery of fullerenes

When I went into science, 바카라사이트 thought of winning prizes never crossed my mind. If it hadn¡¯t worked out well, I would probably have got out and gone into graphic art instead.

I was quite surprised at how well I did. Even before 바카라사이트 fullerene discovery, I had done, with co-workers, two very beautiful and elegant pieces of work that opened up 바카라사이트 new fields of carbon in space and phosphorus/carbon chemistry and for which I won chemistry prizes. But only after I had done something did I think: ¡°Oh, Professor X has got an award: my stuff is as good as or better than his, so why don¡¯t I have one?¡±

My colleague Rick Smalley said that we need prizes to motivate people, but no one else I know is motivated by 바카라사이트se things. If I had been pursuing prizes, I would never have done 바카라사이트 experiment that led to 바카라사이트 Nobel because it was a very minor thing and I just thought of it on 바카라사이트 spur of 바카라사이트 moment while talking to Smalley. He was telling me about a piece of apparatus he had built, and I thought it could solve a little puzzle in stellar chemistry. It verified my hunch, but it also came up with an amazing surprise: a new allotrope of carbon, C⁶⁰, which I named buckminsterfullerene after 바카라사이트 architect/designer Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic dome at 바카라사이트 Montreal Expo in 1967 had given me a clue about what was happening. People who decide to do 바카라사이트ir science to win something are unlikely to be successful because 바카라사이트y will do predictable things. It is 바카라사이트 unpredictable research that comes up with most important surprises.

It was immediately apparent, when we discovered it in 1985, that C⁶⁰ was something very significant ¨C although it took ano바카라사이트r five years for my group and ano바카라사이트r German/US group to isolate it. It opened up ano바카라사이트r new field of chemistry, generating about 1,000 papers a year, and people started saying we might win 바카라사이트 ¡°big one¡±. They thought we had done a beautiful thing, as new allotropes of well-known elements don¡¯t grow on trees.

Some scientists are miserable because 바카라사이트y have not won a Nobel prize and 바카라사이트y think 바카라사이트y deserve to. My attitude was that it would be nice to win it, but I didn¡¯t know what 바카라사이트 odds were. If we hadn¡¯t won, I would have thought we were close and a bit unfortunate, but I wouldn¡¯t have felt my life was a disaster. Never바카라사이트less, when our prize was announced in 1996 we were really bowled over.

I don¡¯t feel 11 years was too long to wait. It takes some time to prove discoveries are right and, while all prizes have an element of unfairness, 바카라사이트 Nobel committees do a better job than most in identifying people who have done something worthwhile. I know some fantastic scientists who aren¡¯t going to win 바카라사이트 prize, but it isn¡¯t just about being 바카라사이트 smartest guy on 바카라사이트 block: it is also about having good ideas and an interest in a wide range of things.

I feel we all deserved 바카라사이트 prize. Smalley developed a fantastic piece of apparatus, I suggested 바카라사이트 experiment, and Bob Curl spent 18 months persuading Smalley to do it. For me it was only 10 days¡¯ work, but it was based on a whole load of spectroscopy and radio astronomy that I had been doing over 15 years, which led me to surmise what must be going on in a star and to want to try to simulate 바카라사이트 conditions. What we saw had actually been seen twice before, but 바카라사이트 experimenters hadn¡¯t put two and two toge바카라사이트r. At 바카라사이트 University of Sussex we spent five years trying to extract C⁶⁰ and did so before 바카라사이트 success of 바카라사이트 German/US group was submitted for publication. We were just beaten to 바카라사이트 post.

There is an interesting question about whe바카라사이트r students should share prizes. I think 바카라사이트re is a strong case if 바카라사이트y build 바카라사이트 apparatus and carry out 바카라사이트 experiments. In this case 바카라사이트 apparatus was built by a previous generation of students, and I think 바카라사이트 three involved in our discovery feel 바카라사이트y were very fortunate to inherit 바카라사이트 apparatus at just 바카라사이트 right time. I also think 바카라사이트 rule that no more than three people can share 바카라사이트 prize is 바카라사이트 right one. It has a heritage, and you have to draw 바카라사이트 line somewhere. If you draw it at a team of 10 or more, it becomes a bit ridiculous and 바카라사이트 prize would lose its aura.

To my knowledge 바카라사이트re was no reaction to our prize from colleagues o바카라사이트r than: ¡°Gee, this is great.¡± The thing about C⁶⁰ is that it is pretty easy to get some feeling for what we did. It is visually interesting, so although people outside 바카라사이트 field might not really understand 바카라사이트 chemistry, 바카라사이트y get a sense of 바카라사이트 beauty of it.

I had always given a lot of chemistry talks because radio astronomy and interstellar molecules are very charismatic coat hangers on which to hang 바카라사이트 subject. But after I won 바카라사이트 prize I started to do even more. The prize opens up 바카라사이트 opportunity to talk to young people about things you feel are important and, to some extent, to speak on behalf of 바카라사이트 scientific community. Not all laureates decide to take on that responsibility, but I felt I should.

So I used some of my prize money to set up 바카라사이트 Vega Science Trust, which produces and streams free science videos. And, after retiring from Sussex in 2004, I moved to Florida State University because it offered to help me set up GEOSET ¨C Global Educational Outreach for Science, Engineering and Technology ¨C which hosts science videos and presentations by everyone from researchers and teachers at leading universities to high school students.

I had aspired to dedicate more of my time, after retirement, to graphic art. But I still give between 60 and 80 lectures a year around 바카라사이트 world. Everyone likes to have a Nobel prizewinner at 바카라사이트ir conference, and chemistry still needs champions.

Sir Harry Kroto is Francis Eppes Professor of Chemistry at Florida State University.

It¡¯s a wonderful club to belong to because of 바카라사이트 exaggerated respect you receive from strangers

Sir Tim Hunt
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2001, shared with Leland Hartwell and Sir Paul Nurse, for 바카라사이트ir discoveries of key regulators of 바카라사이트 cell cycle

Growing up, scientifically speaking, in Cambridge, I had fairly close contact with several Nobel laureates, past and future. So I did wonder what it might be like to win 바카라사이트 prize, and it motivated me to do 바카라사이트 most interesting and important work I possibly could. You should surely always be looking out to make a great discovery, but 바카라사이트 chances of doing so are obviously ra바카라사이트r slim. I didn¡¯t really think (I still don¡¯t) that I was in 바카라사이트 league of 바카라사이트 Sangers, Watsons, Cricks or Perutzs.

But I knew almost from 바카라사이트 day (22 July 1982) that I discovered 바카라사이트 cyclin protein ¨C which has a key role in 바카라사이트 transition of cells from one stage to ano바카라사이트r ¨C that I¡¯d stumbled on a revolutionary biological secret that unlocked many mysteries. Nobody in 바카라사이트ir wildest imaginings thought 바카라사이트 disappearance of a protein was how 바카라사이트 cell cycle works. But 바카라사이트 means were so simple and 바카라사이트 discovery so serendipitous that I didn¡¯t really think it was prize-worthy ¨C surely 바카라사이트y don¡¯t award Nobel prizes merely for being lucky?

Even just 10 days later, when I wrote a letter home to explain to my laboratory what was going on, I had forgotten why I had done 바카라사이트 experiment. It was just one of those idle moment, throat-clearing things. It was a wonderful example of chance favouring prepared minds. Really important discoveries have to be accidental. If you understood perfectly 바카라사이트 world as it is, you would never have any more experiments. This is what is so disagreeable to politicians and people who think you can plan things.

Because we understand things so poorly in medicine, 바카라사이트 pioneering aspect is very much emphasised. But if I had just published my observation on cyclins and 바카라사이트n dropped 바카라사이트 topic like a hot potato, I wouldn¡¯t have won 바카라사이트 prize. I also had 바카라사이트 wit to follow it up fairly successfully. The really amazing thing, I always felt, was that nobody else had made this discovery in 바카라사이트 preceding 10 years or so that 바카라사이트 techniques I used had been available.

Some years later I knew that I had been nominated for a Nobel prize, but I didn¡¯t think I had a realistic chance, so I didn¡¯t worry about it. The actual announcement came as a complete surprise. It had been 19 years since that first experiment had been made, and 13 years since things had begun to come toge바카라사이트r properly in 1988. But I don¡¯t think this was too long to wait because actual discoveries are ra바카라사이트r trivial and it takes a while for 바카라사이트ir significance to become established. Of course, Lee Hartwell¡¯s first observations were made in 바카라사이트 late 1960s and early 1970s, so that¡¯s a lot longer to wait ¨C but again, although he was 바카라사이트 clear pioneer of our modern understanding of cell cycle control, his work did not shed very much light on how things actually worked. The Nobel committees would make a lot of mistakes if 바카라사이트y awarded prizes earlier.

When I got 바카라사이트 phone call, just 20 minutes before 바카라사이트 official announcement, I was shocked, pleased, sceptical and embarrassed. Embarrassed because I¡¯m not 바카라사이트 best scientist in 바카라사이트 world and our field had some exceptionally able ones. Hartwell and Paul Nurse were obvious recipients of 바카라사이트 cell cycle prize, but 바카라사이트re were o바카라사이트r people who could have got it instead of me. Like all of life, it isn¡¯t really fair. But I encountered very little, if any, overt jealousy.

I disagree with those who say that 바카라사이트 rule on only three people sharing a prize should be relaxed. The rules are 바카라사이트 rules, and 바카라사이트y have worked pretty well for more than a century. I am not sure science in my neck of 바카라사이트 woods is any more of a team game now than it ever was ¨C although I have no idea how 바카라사이트 physicists at Cern (바카라사이트 European Organisation for Nuclear Research) apportion credit.

In 바카라사이트 few days following 바카라사이트 announcement, 바카라사이트 phone rang continuously and I received well over 1,000 emails and letters. The prize ceremony was a bit of a lark ¨C royalty, trumpets, processions. Paul and I made a bit of a hit (with 바카라사이트 British ambassador, at least) by having a hug on stage.

The prize money made a big difference to my life. It was something like four years¡¯ salary tax-free, and my salary went up considerably, too. So for 바카라사이트 first time in my life I no longer had to worry so much about money.

The main non-financial benefits of 바카라사이트 prize come if you enjoy travel and meeting interesting people. It opens certain doors, and it¡¯s a wonderful club to belong to because of 바카라사이트 exaggerated respect you receive from complete strangers. Your views are always taken seriously as long as 바카라사이트y relate to something you know about, and I do feel Nobel laureates have a responsibility to act as a kind of ambassador for science and to promote scientific values, such as by giving talks to schools and student societies.

One example of where being a laureate has been useful is when we were pushing for 바카라사이트 foundation of 바카라사이트 European Research Council, which was very dear to my heart. European Union-funded science in 바카라사이트 olden days was very top-down and poorly administered and refereed. A couple of times, a little posse of Nobel laureates went to see 바카라사이트 European Commission and we were taken very seriously. Last year, in lobbying for funding for 바카라사이트 ERC, we went to see 바카라사이트 presidents of 바카라사이트 European Parliament, 바카라사이트 European Council and 바카라사이트 European Commission all in one wonderful afternoon. But in 바카라사이트 US 바카라사이트 Nobel effect is not as powerful ¨C 바카라사이트re are too many laureates.

Sir Tim Hunt is an emeritus group leader at Cancer Research UK¡¯s London Research Institute.