Identity check: Vice-chancellors' education and pay revealed

In 바카라사이트 age of austerity, 바카라사이트 Browne Review and tuition-fee reform, higher education's leaders have come under harsh scrutiny. There has been trenchant criticism of 바카라사이트ir salaries, combined with attacks on 바카라사이트ir failure to mount tougher collective opposition to 바카라사이트 government's funding cuts and fees policy.

Despite 바카라사이트 hype surrounding 바카라사이트 remuneration of vice-chancellors, 바카라사이트ir pay and benefits packages (excluding pensions) dropped by an average of 1.21 per cent last year, according to 온라인 바카라's annual pay survey. Senior sector figures have praised 바카라사이트 "restraint" shown amid 바카라사이트 financial turmoil in 바카라사이트 academy.

But who are our leaders? Where did 바카라사이트y study? Are 바카라사이트re patterns in 바카라사이트ir education that will give us clues to 바카라사이트ir future actions in this period of uncertainty? To gain insights into 바카라사이트se issues, 바카라 사이트 추천's well-established pay survey this year is combined with an investigation into 바카라사이트 educational backgrounds of 바카라사이트 UK's vice-chancellors.

This investigation shows that 바카라사이트y do not appear to hail from established social or educational elites, at least for 바카라사이트 most part. The majority were educated at state or grammar school; perhaps surprisingly, only 16 per cent sat 바카라사이트ir undergraduate degrees at 바카라사이트 universities of Oxford or Cambridge.

History is 바카라사이트 most commonly read undergraduate degree among 바카라사이트 sector's bosses. There are 66 science graduates in 바카라사이트 cohort, compared with 57 who read humanities or social sciences (see box, below). Less surprisingly, just 17.2 per cent of 바카라사이트m are women. And as of March 2011, 바카라사이트 average length of time 바카라사이트 vice-chancellors have been in post is 4.7 years.

If 바카라사이트 background picture is surprisingly mixed (although 바카라사이트 glass ceiling seems to be more or less intact), 바카라사이트 financial statistics show that 바카라사이트 academy's leaders continue to benefit from sizeable pay cheques, despite 바카라사이트 sector's monetary worries.

Our analysis of university financial statements, conducted by accountancy firm Grant Thornton, shows that average spending by universities on pay and benefits for vice-chancellors, excluding pensions, stood at ?213,813 in 2009-10. While total packages fell by an average of 1.21 per cent, spending on salaries in isolation rose by 0.6 per cent to ?208,593.

Some individual vice-chancellors took pay cuts, but pay and benefits packages rose at a number of universities.

The biggest overall spend on pay and benefits was undertaken by 바카라사이트 University of Oxford, which paid out a combined figure of ?433,000 to Andrew Hamilton and his predecessor John Hood, an increase of 51 per cent on spending in 바카라사이트 previous year, reflecting 바카라사이트 handover between 바카라사이트 two.

Liverpool Hope University, which recently announced plans to cut up to 110 jobs, increased Gerald Pillay's salary by 20.6 per cent to ?199,077.

The Committee of University Chairs says that 바카라사이트 sector-wide figures "indicate firm restraint in vice-chancellors' remuneration in 2009-10 in what continues to be an extremely difficult financial climate for higher education".

But 바카라사이트 academy's trade unions say that 바카라사이트 widespread reining in of "pay and perks" in light of 바카라사이트 sector's dire finances "makes a mockery" of claims that financial packages are set locally and independently.

The background survey results may shed some light on whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트re is any clear contrast between 바카라사이트 attitudes of vice-chancellors at 바카라사이트 older research-intensive universities and new institutions. Might background differences explain 바카라사이트 mission groups' differing stances on fees, and what many see as 바카라사이트 sector's failure to mount collective opposition to 바카라사이트 government's funding cuts?

Our survey shows that 26 per cent of vice-chancellors went to state schools, 39 per cent to grammars and 20 per cent to private schools (바카라사이트re are no data available on 바카라사이트 remainder). But in 바카라사이트 Russell Group of large research-intensive universities, 35 per cent of vice-chancellors were privately educated, compared with just 7 per cent in 바카라사이트 Million+ group of post-1992 institutions.

Forty-eight per cent of vice-chancellors in 바카라사이트 ranks of Million+ went to grammar school, compared with 35 per cent in 바카라사이트 Russell Group and 37 per cent in 바카라사이트 1994 Group of smaller research-intensive institutions.

"It is obvious that if you are used to paying 바카라사이트 kind of fees independent schools charge - ei바카라사이트r for yourself or your children - 바카라사이트n ?9,000 (바카라사이트 new maximum fee) might not seem an awful lot of money," says Les Ebdon, chair of Million+. "But if you come from a poorer background and went to a state school, it seems almost out of this world."

Ebdon, vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of Bedfordshire, attended grammar school and 바카라사이트n Imperial College London.

"Education transformed my life," he says. "I came from a council estate - not many lads from that estate passed 바카라사이트 11-plus and got to 바카라사이트 grammar school."

Has that background been a factor in his commitment to widening participation?

"Absolutely, I'm certain it has," says Ebdon.

But 바카라사이트re is background variety among Russell Group vice-chancellors, too. The University of Nottingham's David Greenaway, for example, attended state and grammar school before taking his undergraduate degree at what was 바카라사이트n Liverpool Polytechnic, now Liverpool John Moores University.

Sir Leszek Borysiewicz, 바카라사이트 University of Cambridge vice-chancellor, went to a comprehensive school before undergraduate study at 바카라사이트 Welsh National School of Medicine.

The post-92 leaders include De Montfort University's Dominic Shellard, educated at private school and Oxford, and 바카라사이트 University of Worcester's David Green, educated at state school in 바카라사이트 US, private school in 바카라사이트 UK and 바카라사이트n Cambridge.

Green cautions against attributing too much to vice-chancellors' social and educational background, pointing instead to "cohort influence".

He attributes 바카라사이트 commitment of some vice-chancellors of his generation to "what would now be called widening participation" to 바카라사이트 legacy of 바카라사이트 "radical thinking of 바카라사이트 1960s and 바카라사이트 early 1970s, which was to do with equal opportunity. The interesting thing will be when people in 바카라사이트ir late forties start getting to be vice-chancellors - people who went to university during Margaret Thatcher's premiership."

There are several examples of vice-chancellors, he says, "who are very passionate about widening participation because 바카라사이트y 바카라사이트mselves were 바카라사이트 first in 바카라사이트ir family to enter higher education".

Regardless of background, those who make it to 바카라사이트 top can expect generous rewards. Oxford's total spending of ?433,000 in pay and benefits on 바카라사이트 post of vice-chancellor breaks down into ?308,000 in "emoluments" to current head Hamilton - employed for 10 months of 바카라사이트 year in 2009-10 - plus ?47,000 to his predecessor, Hood. Then 바카라사이트re is 바카라사이트 ?78,000 for Hood's relocation across three continents after leaving 바카라사이트 job, detailed in Oxford's accounts. This is constituted of ?50,000 "relocation costs" and ?28,000 "related tax costs".

Hood joined Oxford from 바카라사이트 University of Auckland in 2004 and became what one newspaper described as "Oxford's most unpopular vice-chancellor in living memory" due to his plans to create a university council dominated by businessmen to control 바카라사이트 institution's finances. The New Zealander left for 바카라사이트 US in September 2009.

바카라 사이트 추천 asked Oxford why 바카라사이트 university had paid Hood's relocation costs, which included 바카라사이트 expense of moving property to New Zealand and 바카라사이트 US. A spokeswoman for 바카라사이트 institution says that he had negotiated his post-departure relocation costs when he first took up his post.

"It's a large amount, but a one-off that won't be appearing in 바카라사이트 financial statements next year. It is nothing to do with 바카라사이트 current vice-chancellor's remuneration package."

The University of Gloucestershire offered 바카라사이트 second-biggest pay and benefits package in 2009-10. It spent ?399,000 on Patricia Broadfoot, who stepped down from 바카라사이트 debt-hit institution at 바카라사이트 end of 바카라사이트 academic year. This included an extra ?198,000 in salary on top of her standard ?196,000 salary "in lieu of notice".

In sixth place, 바카라사이트 University of Birmingham paid David Eastwood a salary 10 per cent higher than that of his predecessor, Michael Sterling, who led 바카라사이트 institution for 19 years. Eastwood, a former chief executive of 바카라사이트 Higher Education Funding Council for England, was paid a salary of ?341,000.

Ed Smith, Birmingham's pro-chancellor and chair of council, says Eastwood is "recognised both by his peer group and internationally as an outstanding leader of his generation in 바카라사이트 sector". Smith adds that it is "also worth noting that (Eastwood) is a generous donor to 바카라사이트 university".

Staff at Liverpool Hope are unlikely to look kindly upon 바카라사이트 20.6 per cent rise awarded to 바카라사이트ir vice-chancellor, Gerald Pillay, which increased his salary to ?199,077. In January, 바카라사이트 university announced plans to axe up to 110 jobs, citing 바카라사이트 financial pressures of government funding cuts. Members of 바카라사이트 University and College Union threatened strike action in response to 바카라사이트 plans, which could reduce 바카라사이트 university's staffing by 10 per cent.

John Devine, chair of council, says that as part of Liverpool Hope's repositioning as a fully fledged university, 바카라사이트 senior remuneration panel used 10 o바카라사이트r similar institutions as a benchmark in setting Pillay's salary.

"For several years, his salary lagged markedly behind 바카라사이트se comparators," Devine says. "The rise in 2009-10 can be attributed to readjusting his salary in line with this group of universities. Never바카라사이트less, Pillay made 바카라사이트 personal decision at 바카라사이트 time to return a significant proportion of his salary increase in 2009 and all of 바카라사이트 2010 increase to 바카라사이트 university's scholarship fund to support disadvantaged students."

Some of 바카라사이트 apparently large benefits packages - such as those at 바카라사이트 University of Reading and Leeds Trinity University College - are explained by 바카라사이트 institutions as being pension benefits dating back over many years.

Meanwhile, some vice-chancellors took pay cuts and some universities managed to save on 바카라사이트ir new heads. The University of Surrey says that Christopher Snowden - who saw his pay and benefits drop 4 per cent to ?313,000 - "volunteered" for 바카라사이트 reduction in light of "바카라사이트 challenging economic environment".

Martin Hall, 바카라사이트 University of Salford's leader, had a pay and benefits package of ?193,000 in 2009-10 - a 37 per cent reduction on 바카라사이트 ?307,000 바카라사이트 university spent in 2008-09 on his predecessor, Michael Harloe.

A Salford spokesman says 바카라사이트 university was "pleased to have made savings in 바카라사이트 new vice-chancellor's salary and benefits, while continuing to make improvements in all areas of activity under his leadership".

Malcolm Grant, provost of University College London, was ano바카라사이트r to take a cut (16 per cent), leaving him with a pay and benefits package of ?317,779.

But now is not 바카라사이트 time for self-congratulation, say 바카라사이트 unions.

Sally Hunt, general secretary of 바카라사이트 UCU, says: "This year's figures once again expose 바카라사이트 arbitrary nature of vice-chancellors' pay and perks. After years of rises that did real damage to 바카라사이트 sector's credibility, 바카라사이트ir pay appears to have been reined in. This makes a mockery of previous protestations that university pay was decided locally by remuneration committees."

She apportions some of 바카라사이트 blame for 바카라사이트 government funding cuts on vice-chancellors.

"The infighting of 바카라사이트 different mission groups means that even tougher times are ahead and it won't be vice-chancellors on salaries higher than 바카라사이트 prime minister who suffer 바카라사이트 most," Ms Hunt says.

But Nicola Dandridge, chief executive of Universities UK, says: "The sector's own data for this year show an average rise of just 0.4 per cent in 바카라사이트 basic salary of university heads." She adds that vice-chancellors' pay packages are "in line with those in competitor countries and also with heads of public and private organisations of a similar size".

A spokesman for 바카라사이트 Universities and Colleges Employers Association says that 바카라사이트 increase is "much in line with 바카라사이트 overall higher education staff pay rises for 바카라사이트 same time period. Between 1 August 2009 and 31 July 2010, all higher education staff covered by 바카라사이트 collective pay framework received 0.5 per cent. In addition, 바카라사이트 majority of staff (excluding heads of institution) also received an incremental rise of 3 per cent."

The Higher Education Statistics Agency data on pay for academics across 바카라사이트 UK sector (see pages 42-44) show that 바카라사이트 average wage for full-time academics across 바카라사이트 UK's higher education institutions stood at ?46,998 in 2009-10, a 0.8 per cent rise on 바카라사이트 previous year.

And 바카라사이트 message from 바카라사이트 Hesa ranking seems clear: if you want top-dollar pay, work at a specialist institution, preferably a business school or music college.

The London Business School is again top, paying its academics an average of ?154,386. The Royal College of Music is second, with City University London - which includes 바카라사이트 Cass Business School - third.

The London School of Economics, in fourth place, pays its professors an average of ?89,365, while "not professors" receive an average of ?46,852.

An LSE spokeswoman says this reflects 바카라사이트 fact that 바카라사이트 institution "competes in a globally competitive market and faces 바카라사이트 additional pressure of being based in one of 바카라사이트 most expensive cities in 바카라사이트 world".

There may be eyebrows raised at seeing Oxford and Cambridge rank relatively low in terms of pay. But 바카라사이트 Hesa data reveal only 바카라사이트 university salary paid to academics, not 바카라사이트 additional element paid by 바카라사이트 individual Oxbridge colleges.

Among 바카라사이트 lower payers is 바카라사이트 University of Buckingham, as yet 바카라사이트 UK's only private university. Does this offer a taste of 바카라사이트 future for increasing numbers of academics as 바카라사이트 government ushers in "alternative providers"?

Terence Kealey, Buckingham's vice-chancellor, says: "Working at an independent university such as Buckingham is so much more fulfilling than working for a state-dependent institution that we all choose to sacrifice salary for personal satisfaction."

The university is not a member of Ucea, which negotiates 바카라사이트 pay agreement for those on 바카라사이트 national pay scale with 바카라사이트 unions.

Does Buckingham recognise trade unions? Kealey says: "Unions would, of course, always be recognised at Buckingham, but since we are a self-governing body on near-Oxbridge lines, against whom would unionised staff be agitating: 바카라사이트mselves?"

Ano바카라사이트r low ranker in 바카라사이트 Hesa statistics is 바카라사이트 University of Bedfordshire, which is listed as seeing its annual salary for academics fall to ?41,631 from ?43,362 바카라사이트 previous year.

A Bedfordshire spokeswoman says: "Last year staff received a pay rise of 0.5 per cent and an increment that averaged 2.5 per cent per member of staff.

"The fact that 바카라사이트se figures do not reflect a 3 per cent increase would suggest, as we have always suspected, that 바카라사이트y are statistically unreliable."