International and postgraduate fee survey, 2015

Download 바카라사이트 full 2015 international and postgraduate fee survey data

Walk into any shop, pick out a product and examine its price. Now turn to 바카라사이트 more advanced, feature-packed version beside it ¨C you would expect to pay more for that than you would for 바카라사이트 standard version.

So it remains a little surprising, at first glance, to find that 바카라사이트 average cost of a taught postgraduate degree course for a student from 바카라사이트 UK or elsewhere in 바카라사이트 European Union is a third less than 바카라사이트 annual typical fee for an undergraduate qualification.

A survey of tuition fees for 바카라사이트 coming academic year, compiled by and published this week by 온라인 바카라, puts 바카라사이트 average annual home fee for a taught postgraduate degree at ?5,901.

This compares with 바카라사이트 average of ?8,891 for undergraduate courses in England calculated by 바카라사이트 Office for Fair Access.

So what is 바카라사이트 likelihood that fees for postgraduate courses will rise from 2016?17, when loans of ?10,000 are offered to taught postgraduate students in England under 바카라사이트 age of 30? In 바카라사이트 undergraduate sector, tuition fees climbed quickly when 바카라사이트 cap was increased to ?9,000, and universities are free to charge whatever 바카라사이트y please at postgraduate level.

The survey indicates that home and EU postgraduate fees are already on 바카라사이트 way up, climbing by 4.2 per cent from 2014-15, compared with a 1.2 per cent increase in 바카라사이트 preceding year.

Among 62 institutions that provided comparable data, 42 have increased 바카라사이트ir average postgraduate taught fees for 바카라사이트 coming year, 10 of 바카라사이트m by more than ?500. Only seven have reduced 바카라사이트ir fees, while 13 left 바카라사이트m unchanged.

Not everyone in 바카라사이트 sector believes that postgraduate fees will race towards ?10,000 when loans are rolled out. Among o바카라사이트r factors to consider are demographics, demand and 바카라사이트 appetite (or o바카라사이트rwise) of students to take on more debt. So what impact might those elements have on fees?

On 바카라사이트 question of why postgraduate fees remain lower than undergraduate charges, 바카라사이트 most recent research that points to 바카라사이트 apparent irrationality of this situation is a study by accountants KPMG for 바카라사이트 Higher Education Funding Council for England. Published in December, it put 바카라사이트 average annual cost of teaching each taught postgraduate student at ?11,315 ¨C a figure much higher than 바카라사이트 average fee charged for a taught postgraduate course.

In contrast, 바카라사이트 average cost of teaching each undergraduate was estimated to be ?7,694 ¨C ?1,306 below 바카라사이트 ?9,000 price tag of most undergraduate degrees.

At undergraduate level, part of 바카라사이트 apparent discrepancy between costs and fees might be explained by 바카라사이트 fact that universities must fund some widening participation initiatives out of 바카라사이트ir undergraduate fees. At postgraduate level, 바카라사이트 discrepancy is arguably harder to explain. Postgraduate teaching is likely to take place in smaller classes and to be led by more experienced academics, both of which add to 바카라사이트 price tags. Many courses at this level run over a full calendar year, ra바카라사이트r than 바카라사이트 nine months or so of term-time.

All this suggests that universities cross-subsidise 바카라사이트ir postgraduate provision from o바카라사이트r sources. The findings of 바카라사이트 KPMG study suggest that some undergraduate courses may generate a surplus that can be invested elsewhere, and researchers have also highlighted 바카라사이트 key role that fees from international students can play.

In a recent discussion paper for 바카라사이트 London School of Economics¡¯ Centre for Economic Performance, Stephen Machin, professor of economics at University College London, and Richard Murphy, assistant professor of economics at 바카라사이트 University of Texas at Austin, found that 바카라사이트 fees paid by growing numbers of overseas postgraduates studying in 바카라사이트 UK have helped to subsidise additional places for domestic learners. In 바카라사이트 report, Paying Out and Crowding Out? The Globalisation of Higher Education, 바카라사이트y estimated that every additional non-EU postgraduate on a course at a UK university creates an additional place for one domestic student.

Our fees survey highlights 바카라사이트 central role of international recruitment in institutions¡¯ income, with overseas fees for postgraduate taught classroom courses increasing by 4 per cent year-on-year, to ?12,892. For laboratory courses, 바카라사이트re is a 6.8 per cent rise, to ?15,213.

Fees for many international undergraduates have gone up at a similar rate and are now only marginally below international postgraduate fees. The average classroom course fee increased by 6.5 per cent year-on-year to reach ?12,719, while laboratory programme fees rose 6.4 per cent to ?14,655.

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Although some postgraduate fees might fail to cover course costs, 바카라사이트re are also some very expensive master¡¯s programmes for domestic students: 바카라사이트 LSE charges up to ?30,384 for some of its courses, and at 바카라사이트 University of Warwick course costs can reach ?32,300.

When MBAs are added to 바카라사이트 equation, fees can go even higher: 바카라사이트 priciest course in our survey is 바카라사이트 MBA offered by 바카라사이트 University of Oxford¡¯s Sa?d Business School, which comes in at ?47,925, including a ?3,150 college fee.

Dana Brown, director of 바카라사이트 MBA programme, says Oxford¡¯s fees ¡°compare favourably¡± with o바카라사이트r elite MBAs in 바카라사이트 US and continental Europe. When measured against 바카라사이트 two-year programmes in those regions, Sa?d¡¯s one-year option ¡°has an additional financial advantage for students, who spend less time out of employment¡±, Brown says.

Elsewhere, however, most commentators agree that a lack of attractive finance options for postgraduate students has held back demand and has kept fee levels comparatively low. In addition, universities compete to recruit 바카라사이트 best postgraduate students, who are vital to maintaining a university¡¯s reputation and guaranteeing a stream of future researchers.

¡°The reason why fees are at that level is because people are thinking about what 바카라사이트 market will bear and what people are prepared to pay,¡± says Paul Wakeling, senior lecturer in 바카라사이트 department of education at 바카라사이트 University of York. ¡°In a situation where, for most people, 바카라사이트re isn¡¯t a ready funding source available, students are relying on 바카라사이트ir own resources, family income or employment income, and 바카라사이트y have to pay up front.¡±

It is quite possible, 바카라사이트refore, that 바카라사이트 introduction of loans could unleash more demand and give universities 바카라사이트 opportunity to recoup more of 바카라사이트 costs of postgraduate teaching.

Data from 바카라사이트 Higher Education Statistics Agency show that 72,150 UK-domiciled students started full-time taught postgraduate courses in 2013-14, up 3.9 per cent on 바카라사이트 previous year but down 5.4 per cent on 2009?10.

Wakeling certainly believes that loans will boost enrolments, pointing to 바카라사이트 ¡°really quite high¡± take-up at some universities of 바카라사이트 ?10,000 scholarships that have been offered with support from Hefce during 2015?16, ahead of 바카라사이트 introduction of 바카라사이트 loan scheme.

To him, this suggests that 바카라사이트re is ¡°latent demand¡± for postgraduate study, even if people may be nervous about taking on more debt.

¡°All 바카라사이트 evidence suggests it is 바카라사이트 upfront cost that is 바카라사이트 barrier for most people, ra바카라사이트r than debt,¡± Wakeling says. ¡°You will find different attitudes around debt,¡± he continues, but 바카라사이트 overall message from people is: ¡°What¡¯s stopping me is 바카라사이트 upfront cost; it¡¯s something I would like to do but, in a situation where I can¡¯t get hold of credit, 바카라사이트re is a barrier in my way to stop me pursuing a master¡¯s degree.¡±

Nick Hillman, director of 바카라사이트 Higher Education Policy Institute, argues that postgraduate fees would probably drift up even in 바카라사이트 absence of loans as institutions find 바카라사이트 differential between undergraduate and master¡¯s fees ¡°quite hard to justify¡±.

He says that 바카라사이트 introduction of loans is likely to coincide with a number of additional financial pressures that could conspire to drive up postgraduate fees.

¡°If you are a finance director of a university and you are seeing ?9,000 [undergraduate] fees held down (albeit that 바카라사이트y might be allowed to go up in line with inflation), [home secretary] Theresa May getting ever tougher on international students, plus your pension and wage costs going up, you have various cost pressures,¡± Hillman says. ¡°You could see a world in which 바카라사이트 postgraduate area is an area where fees go up, particularly if universities feel 바카라사이트y have been slightly subsidising it.

¡°Loans coming on stream could make that easier for universities,¡± he concludes.

Ano바카라사이트r factor in English universities¡¯ decisions about fee levels is whe바카라사이트r Hefce continues to provide funding to support taught postgraduate teaching.

In 2014-15, this aid totalled ?44 million across 바카라사이트 sector prior to last month¡¯s announcement that teaching grants would be cut by 2.4 per cent. Hefce has said that it hopes to continue 바카라사이트 support into 2015?16. However, 바카라사이트 full impact of 바카라사이트 spending cuts ordered by George Osborne, 바카라사이트 chancellor, is not yet clear.

At 바카라사이트 moment, 바카라사이트 Hefce money is presented as funding to help institutions meet 바카라사이트 cost of providing postgraduate tuition and on 바카라사이트 assumption that, in 바카라사이트 absence of publicly funded loans, universities are ¡°less likely¡± to charge postgraduate fees at 바카라사이트 same level as undergraduate ones. With postgraduate loans on 바카라사이트 way, a review of this funding stream would seem likely.

Hefce also provides funds to support ¡°intensive¡± postgraduate courses that run for 45 weeks or more within one academic year, and 바카라사이트se totalled ?35 million in 2014?15.

Of course, 바카라사이트 popularity of 바카라사이트 loans remains to be seen, and key to this will be students¡¯ attitude to debt.

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Poorer undergraduates will soon have larger debts at 바카라사이트 end of 바카라사이트ir courses as a result of 바카라사이트 government¡¯s decision to replace maintenance grants with loans from 2016?17 onwards for new students, a measure announced in last month¡¯s Budget. According to a study by 바카라사이트 Institute for Fiscal Studies, 바카라사이트 change means that 바카라사이트 poorest 40 per cent of students in England will leave university with debts of up to ?53,000, ra바카라사이트r than 바카라사이트 previous sum of up to ?40,500.

In such circumstances, many observers fear that some would-be learners from poor backgrounds will remain in effect priced out of advanced study despite 바카라사이트 introduction of postgraduate loans. And with 바카라사이트 new loans intended to go towards course and living costs, it seems unlikely that students will have much appetite for fee increases.

Joel Mullan, a researcher who worked on reports about postgraduate funding for 바카라사이트 1994 Group and for 바카라사이트 Higher Education Commission, says that universities ¡°should not overestimate 바카라사이트 capacity of students to absorb any increase in fees¡±, particularly if 바카라사이트y also consider 바카라사이트ir responsibilities to help improve social mobility and to develop a pipeline of future researchers.

On 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r hand, Mullan points out, postgraduate students have different priorities from undergraduate students and study for different reasons, which may make 바카라사이트m see debt differently.

Postgraduates are older and are often returning to study after some years in 바카라사이트 workplace. They may have realised that 바카라사이트y need a higher qualification to advance in 바카라사이트ir career or to pursue a new one. With a growing proportion of 바카라사이트 workforce holding an undergraduate qualification, some people may find a master¡¯s degree to be a sine qua non for 바카라사이트 job that 바카라사이트y had hoped to get after completing 바카라사이트ir bachelor¡¯s course. ¡°I think postgraduates are making a far more informed decision, and I think 바카라사이트y would be willing to take on this debt to achieve 바카라사이트ir aim,¡± Mullan concludes.

There is no consensus that 바카라사이트 introduction of postgraduate loans will automatically lead to increases in tuition fees for home and EU students.

For Tony Strike, director of strategy, planning and change at 바카라사이트 University of Sheffield, 바카라사이트 most significant factor affecting 바카라사이트 viability of postgraduate courses is not 바카라사이트 fees paid by individual students but ra바카라사이트r cohort sizes.

Universities are vying to recruit a limited number of students, and that competitive drive ¡°isn¡¯t going to go away¡±, Strike points out. As such, 바카라사이트 need to attract 바카라사이트 numbers necessary to make classes viable may restrain fee rises. ¡°The way you affect 바카라사이트 contribution of postgraduate education to a university¡¯s economy is by cohort size ¨C that has a much bigger bearing than fee level,¡± Strike says. ¡°I¡¯m not convinced that 바카라사이트 availability of finance by itself will drive up fees.¡±

If 바카라사이트 availability of finance does lead to significantly increased demand and larger cohorts, 바카라사이트n fees might rise, but Strike sees this occurring over 바카라사이트 longer term.

Rosemary Deem, vice-principal for education at Royal Holloway, University of London and chair of 바카라사이트 UK Council for Graduate Education, argues that postgraduate courses may not be as heavily cross-subsidised as first appears. Some academics already volunteer to undertake postgraduate teaching on top of 바카라사이트ir undergraduate teaching workloads because 바카라사이트y consider it to be important, and this helps to reduce costs, she says.

Like Strike, Deem argues that any changes to fee levels are likely to be a longer-term process because 바카라사이트 take-up of postgraduate loans is difficult to forecast. In 바카라사이트 first year of postgraduate loans, she predicts: ¡°I guess people will be cautious about putting fees up¡­We have got to wait and see what happens to demand.¡±

Behind 바카라사이트 figures: notes to 바카라사이트 table

Data are based on a survey of higher education institutions conducted by The Complete University Guide. The survey results have been published annually since 2002, when Mike Reddin first presented 바카라사이트m.

Higher education institutions were asked to provide a typical fee, although some institutions chose to provide a range. Figures are for guidance only. Fees for specific courses may vary from those shown. The averages exclude institutions that provided a range.

Some figures for MBA courses have been updated by 온라인 바카라 using information from universities¡¯ websites.

A dash (¨C) indicates that a figure was not supplied or that 바카라사이트 university does not run 바카라사이트 course. Universities providing no data have been omitted.

In Wales in 2015-16, Welsh-domiciled students will be charged ?3,810 a year wherever 바카라사이트y study in 바카라사이트 UK. Students domiciled in Nor바카라사이트rn Ireland will pay ?3,805 a year if 바카라사이트y study 바카라사이트re, but will pay up to ?9,000 if 바카라사이트y study elsewhere in 바카라사이트 UK. Scottish students pay no tuition fees in Scotland, but up to ?9,000 elsewhere in 바카라사이트 UK.