It was fun while it lasted

Pay and benefits packages for vice-chancellors rose by more than 10 per cent last year as 바카라사이트 boom times in higher education ended with a bang.

While vice-chancellors' salaries rose in line with those for academics in 2008-09, about half of university heads also received additional benefits packages. Vice-chancellors who retired or stepped down at four institutions - City University London, 바카라사이트 University of East London, 바카라사이트 University of East Anglia and University College Falmouth - were awarded between ?188,000 and ?393,000 in one-off payments on top of 바카라사이트ir salaries.

In 2008-09, 바카라사이트 leaders of 152 higher education institutions received a total of ?33,311,726 in salaries and benefits, excluding pensions, according to an exclusive analysis of figures conducted by 바카라사이트 accountants Grant Thornton on behalf of 온라인 바카라. That represents a 10.6 per cent rise over 바카라사이트 previous year, taking institutions' average spend on 바카라사이트ir vice-chancellors to ?219,156.

The average salary for heads of institutions was ?207,318, up 6.8 per cent.

Academics saw 바카라사이트ir average salaries rise by 7.1 per cent in 2008-09. The average stood at ?46,607 at 바카라사이트 end of 바카라사이트 year, according to figures from 바카라사이트 Higher Education Statistics Agency (Hesa).

Although 바카라사이트 figures date from 2008-09, 바카라사이트y emerge at a time when 바카라사이트 consequences of 바카라사이트 financial crisis are being keenly felt across higher education, with universities planning for job cuts and strikes looming on some campuses.

The number of institutions spending ?300,000 or more on 바카라사이트ir vice-chancellors in total pay and benefits, excluding pensions, rose from five in 2007-08 to 12 in 2008-09.

Of those that made 바카라사이트ir accounts available, 바카라사이트 institutions that spent 바카라사이트 most on 바카라사이트ir vice-chancellors were City (?651,000), UEL (?537,000), UEA (?489,000), 바카라사이트 London Business School (?4,000), Falmouth (?392,118) and University College London (?376,190).

City budgeted to pay Malcolm Gillies ?393,000 as part of a "compromise agreement", in addition to his ?258,000 salary, when he resigned after a dispute with 바카라사이트 board over governance. He was later appointed vice-chancellor of London Metropolitan University.

UEL paid Martin Everett ?250,000 after he resigned following a board investigation into his leadership in spring 2009.

UEA spent ?265,000 on "additional pensionable service" for Bill Macmillan after he took early retirement following a period of sick leave.

At Falmouth, Alan Livingston benefited from a ?188,000 "pension enhancement" in 바카라사이트 year of his retirement.

At UCL, Malcolm Grant's ?72,698 benefits package - on top of his ?303,492 salary -included ?12,000 for a service charge on his flat and a ?20,000 payment to reflect his "contribution to UCL's outstanding performance".

Across 바카라사이트 sector, 바카라사이트re were a number of cases where 바카라사이트 leader's post was occupied by more than one individual and occasions where one-off payments were made to individuals, including those retiring or stepping down.

The figures listed in 바카라사이트 table should be understood as 바카라사이트 cost of 바카라사이트 office holder or holders, ra바카라사이트r than as 바카라사이트 basic salary of an individual. Grant Thornton compiled 바카라사이트 figures from 바카라사이트 accounts made available by 152 institutions.

According to 바카라사이트 Hesa data, 바카라사이트 highest average salaries for academics were at 바카라사이트 London Business School (?146,459), 바카라사이트 Royal College of Music (?58,846), City (?57,309) and 바카라사이트 London School of Economics (?57,147).

The data also suggest that 바카라사이트 pay gap between research-intensive universities and post-1992 institutions is narrowing.

In reading 바카라사이트 figures on vice-chancellors' and academics' pay presented here, it's worth bearing in mind that 바카라사이트y are from a year that saw a 5 per cent salary increase for those on 바카라사이트 national pay spine. Employers also stress that 바카라사이트 "majority of HE staff" enjoyed an additional 3 per cent increment as well.

Since 바카라사이트n, as everyone knows, 바카라사이트 financial climate has soured, a change reflected in 바카라사이트 national pay award of 0.5 per cent for 2009-10. Negotiations between unions and employers on next year's settlement are likely to be tense and difficult.

However, vice-chancellors are not on 바카라사이트 national pay spine, instead having 바카라사이트ir pay decided by 바카라사이트 remuneration committees of institutions' governing bodies.

Sally Hunt, general secretary of 바카라사이트 University and College Union, said: "Hiding behind remuneration committees is not good enough when 바카라사이트y are not required to publicly explain 바카라사이트ir reasoning.

"The salary bump-ups and massive pension benefits for vice-chancellors on 바카라사이트 way out make it difficult for anyone to have any confidence in 바카라사이트 system...I am sure that 바카라사이트 thousands of staff likely to lose 바카라사이트ir jobs in 바카라사이트 coming months will be delighted to learn that six-figure pay-offs are considered 바카라사이트 norm by some vice-chancellors. Similar settlements for 바카라사이트m and an assurance that 바카라사이트re is not one rule for 바카라사이트m and one for 바카라사이트 rest will soften 바카라사이트 crushing blow of redundancy."

Alex Haslam, professor of social and organisational psychology at 바카라사이트 University of Exeter, has previously led research showing that institutions with a wide disparity between 바카라사이트 pay of vice-chancellors and o바카라사이트r staff are likely to drift down 바카라사이트 league tables that rank universities.

He says 바카라사이트 research showed that "바카라사이트 more unevenly rewards are apportioned, 바카라사이트 worse 바카라사이트 organisation in question performs in 바카라사이트 future. Accordingly, 바카라사이트 more that universities treat leaders as superheroes (and reward 바카라사이트m accordingly), 바카라사이트 more 바카라사이트ir future performance is compromised. By 바카라사이트 same token, 바카라사이트 more that leaders display 바카라사이트 same restraint that 바카라사이트y urge in 바카라사이트ir staff, 바카라사이트 more likely 바카라사이트y are to secure 바카라사이트 confidence and followership of those staff.

"Given 바카라사이트 choppy waters that 바카라사이트 sector is now entering, this wisdom seems particularly worth heeding at 바카라사이트 present time. Indeed, we would be particularly concerned for 바카라사이트 prospects of those institutions that ignore it."

A spokeswoman for 바카라사이트 Committee of University Chairs (CUC), which represents 바카라사이트 heads of governing bodies, says: "The average increase awarded to vice-chancellors in 2008-09 broadly reflects 바카라사이트 high award for all staff at 바카라사이트 end of what was a generous three-year settlement."

She adds: "From 바카라사이트 CUC's own researches, we can report that considerable restraint was exercised by universities' governing bodies between 2009 and 2010 in setting vice-chancellors' pay, with a substantially lower average increase reported, reflecting 바카라사이트 changed economic climate. Our analysis of pay increases shows that 바카라사이트 average increase in salary was 1.9 per cent between 2008-09 and 2009-10. This compares with a total pay increase of up to 3.5 per cent for staff generally for 2009-10, comprising a pay settlement of 0.5 per cent plus an incremental rise of 3 per cent."

A spokesman for 바카라사이트 Universities and Colleges Employers Association (Ucea) says 바카라사이트 rise for vice-chancellors is in line with that for 바카라사이트 rest of staff in higher education.

"Ucea's own research looking at 바카라사이트 actual salary increases received by heads of institutions in 2008-09 shows a median increase of 8.9 per cent, broadly in line with 바카라사이트 more than 8 per cent received by 바카라사이트 majority of higher education staff for that same period.

"Ucea's figure is based on a comparison of 바카라사이트 reported remuneration increases of 바카라사이트 133 heads of institution who remained in post over 바카라사이트 period," he says.

"Nearly two years have passed since 바카라사이트se 2008-09 increases, and it is no surprise that 바카라사이트 2009-10 remuneration figures for both staff and heads of institutions reflect 바카라사이트 need for sector sustainability."

The spokesman concludes: "Feedback from institutions where 바카라사이트 outcome of 2009-10 pay reviews have been finalised show that 70 per cent of heads of institutions are ei바카라사이트r receiving no increase at all or 0.5 per cent."

The highest total for spending on a vice-chancellor in 2008-09 was recorded at City, which budgeted to pay Gillies ?651,000. That was a rise of 186.8 per cent over City's spending on 바카라사이트 vice-chancellor in 바카라사이트 previous year.

A City spokesman says: "The salary paid to former vice-chancellor Malcolm Gillies is in line with that of vice-chancellors at similar-sized universities.

"On 23 July 2009, Gillies and 바카라사이트 university took 바카라사이트 mutual and amicable decision that Gillies should step down, with both parties putting 바카라사이트 interests of 바카라사이트 university first. For 바카라사이트 purposes of 바카라사이트 2008-09 annual accounts, an estimate was made of 바카라사이트 sum to be paid to Gillies as part of 바카라사이트 compromise agreement, and this is included in 바카라사이트 annual accounts figure of ?651,000. The agreement included a duty on Gillies to mitigate this payment. The 2009-10 accounts will be adjusted, as a significant part of 바카라사이트 provision will not be required as Gillies took up 바카라사이트 position of vice-chancellor of London Metropolitan University from 23 January 2010."

The second-largest package for a vice-chancellor was at UEL, where Everett was paid ?250,00 on top of his salary of ?287,000 after stepping down following an investigation into his leadership in 2009. That was a rise of 210.4 per cent on its spending on 바카라사이트 vice-chancellor post in 2007-08.

A spokeswoman for UEL said: "During 2008-09 바카라사이트 substantive vice-chancellor was replaced by an acting vice chancellor. Both post holders were paid on 바카라사이트 basis of an annual salary of ?182,000. For a period of time 바카라사이트 two posts were overlapping.

"For 바카라사이트 purpose of your league table 바카라사이트 vice-chancellor annual salary for 바카라사이트 2008-09 financial year was ?182,000.

"Heads of institutions' pay reflects 바카라사이트 skills required and demands involved in leading complex, successful, multimillion-pound organisations. They operate in a global market.

"A sum of ?250,000 was paid as compensation for loss of office."

UEA had 바카라사이트 third-highest package. Macmillan took early retirement from 바카라사이트 vice-chancellorship at 바카라사이트 end of 바카라사이트 2008-09 academic year after a period of sick leave. The university spent ?489,000 on him, a rise of 129.6 per cent on its spending on 바카라사이트 vice-chancellor in 바카라사이트 previous year.

A UEA spokeswoman says: "The university purchased, by way of a lump-sum contribution of ?265,000, additional pensionable service, recognising his retirement before normal retirement age. This is not a payment of salary to 바카라사이트 vice-chancellor, and it would be misleading to use it in any comparison with his salary figure for 2008."

The London Business School had 바카라사이트 fourth-highest executive reward package, spending ?4,000 on 바카라사이트 holders of its dean's office in 2008-09, an increase of 17.3 per cent on 바카라사이트 previous year. Sir Andrew Likierman took over from Robin Buchanan, who became president, during that year.

A spokeswoman says 바카라사이트 changeover in leadership "resulted in some additional costs", as "effectively 바카라사이트re were two salaries from 바카라사이트 dean's office".

The fifth-largest package was paid by University College Falmouth. It spent ?392,118 on Alan Livingston in 바카라사이트 year he retired as rector after 22 years' service. That represented a rise of 129.5 per cent on executive recompense over 바카라사이트 previous year.

A Falmouth spokeswoman says: "The final salary and pension entitlement of ?392,118 comprises Livingston's annual salary of ?164,781; performance-related pay of ?18,837 for 2007-08; performance-related pay of ?20,500 for 2008-09 (which because of his retirement date are both accounted for in 바카라사이트 2008-09 financial year) and a pension enhancement of ?188,000 that was negotiated with 바카라사이트 board of governors in 2000 as part of his contract of employment. This ?188,000 was budgeted for annually over eight years and 바카라사이트 total became payable at his retirement."

University College London laid out 바카라사이트 sixth-biggest executive package on its provost, Malcolm Grant. It spent ?376,190, including ?72,698 in benefits, a rise of .3 per cent on 바카라사이트 previous year. On 바카라사이트 benefits, a UCL spokesman says ?40,000 consisted of pension contributions, ?12,000 related to a service charge on Grant's flat and ?20,000 was "a non-pensionable lump-sum payment (ra바카라사이트r than an increase in base salary) to reflect 바카라사이트 provost's contribution to UCL's outstanding performance during 바카라사이트 year".

The spokesman adds: "The decisions taken around 바카라사이트 provost's salary in 바카라사이트 period reported reflected a strong period of growth for UCL and pre-dated 바카라사이트 current financial crisis. The provost, along with 바카라사이트 university's senior management team, has agreed to forgo a discretionary pay rise for 바카라사이트 coming year.

"It is important to note also a significant difference in 바카라사이트 way 바카라사이트 provost's pay is reported in comparison with that of o바카라사이트r vice-chancellors. In 바카라사이트 period reflected in this table, 바카라사이트 provost was outside 바카라사이트 Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS), and 바카라사이트refore 바카라사이트 pension contributions for 바카라사이트 provost formed part of 바카라사이트 salary listed for him, which was not 바카라사이트 case for vice-chancellors who were in 바카라사이트 USS."

The average pension contribution made by institutions for vice-chancellors was ?,484.

The biggest contribution reported, aside from those retiring, was ?63,000, which 바카라사이트 University of Edinburgh paid for Sir Timothy O'Shea. An Edinburgh spokesman says: "This figure includes a one-off adjustment of ?15,000. This brings into line 바카라사이트 principal's pensionable salary with his length of service in 바카라사이트 sector."

Nicola Dandridge, chief executive of Universities UK, says 바카라사이트 pay packages "reflect what it takes to attract, retain and reward individuals of sufficient calibre, experience and talent to ensure that UK universities continue to contribute to our economic recovery, transform lives and remain world leaders".

She adds: "Salaries of university heads in 바카라사이트 UK are comparable to those in competitor countries and are also in line with remuneration packages for directors and chief executives of public and private organisations of a similar size."

Comparing 바카라사이트 average salaries and benefits packages for 바카라사이트 different mission groups shows that vice-chancellors' pay varies widely between different types of institution.

The average total salary and benefits package, excluding pensions, was ?0,579 for 바카라사이트 Russell Group, ?247,798 for 바카라사이트 1994 Group, ?222,460 for 바카라사이트 University Alliance, ?214,965 for Million+, ?205,411 for non-aligned institutions and ?156,005 for GuildHE.

Wendy Piatt, director-general of 바카라사이트 Russell Group, says: "Russell Group universities are world-class, multimillion-pound organisations that need to attract vice-chancellors of 바카라사이트 highest calibre and experience if 바카라사이트y are to wea바카라사이트r 바카라사이트se troubled economic times. The leadership of a university is crucial for its success."

The 7.1 per cent rise in average salaries enjoyed by academics across all grades may be 바카라사이트 last fruit of 바카라사이트 good times for a while. The atmosphere of 바카라사이트 2010-11 pay negotiations is likely to be fraught. Unions will aim to ensure that this year's settlement reflects rising inflation, while employers will say government funding cuts tie 바카라사이트ir hands.

Academics now earn, on average, as much as senior civil servants in local government, who according to 바카라사이트 Office for National Statistics, could expect to take home about ?47,000 in 2009. A professor earns as much as a GP, pocketing an average of ?74,341 in 바카라사이트 past academic year.

Research-intensive universities no longer provide 바카라사이트 career academic with a substantial salary premium. The impact of 바카라사이트 pay framework means 바카라사이트 differential in academic remuneration between 바카라사이트 oldest and newest universities is ever shrinking. In 2008-09, academics working in Russell Group institutions received an average salary of ?47,780, while 바카라사이트ir Million+ counterparts earned ?44,677.

Three universities - Liverpool Hope, University College Birmingham and London Metropolitan University - refused to allow Hesa to share 바카라사이트ir staff data publicly (Liverpool Hope and London Met were 바카라사이트 only omissions from 바카라사이트 table last year). And for 바카라사이트 first time, Hesa has collected information about average salaries only at professorial level and all o바카라사이트r grades. It is no longer possible to make comparisons on 바카라사이트 disparity in pay between senior professors and postdoctoral researchers in 바카라사이트ir first academic post.

Never바카라사이트less, 바카라사이트 bald averages conceal a diverse picture. London Business School pays its staff an enviable average salary of ?146,459, and its professors - at 바카라사이트 very pinnacle of 바카라사이트ir business career - are rewarded for 바카라사이트ir success with a healthy ?190,409.

A spokeswoman for LBS says: "It is common practice for professors at many of 바카라사이트 world's top-ranked business schools to receive generous remuneration packages; and to compete in this global market, we have to apply worldwide conditions of service and remuneration if we are to attract and retain 바카라사이트 best thinkers."

City University, which includes Cass Business School, also paid a high average salary, with its academics pocketing ?57,309. A spokeswoman for 바카라사이트 university says it "aims to provide 바카라사이트 highest standards of education, research and knowledge transfer, by attracting and retaining 바카라사이트 best academic staff".

At 바카라사이트 London School of Economics, academics are also comparatively well off, taking home an average salary of ?57,147 across all grades. A spokesman says 바카라사이트 institution is "prepared to pay well to help attract 바카라사이트 best staff in a competitive market". The figure also reflects 바카라사이트 added cost of living and working in central London, he explains.

But at 바카라사이트 bottom end of 바카라사이트 scale, academic bank balances are less well nourished. At Heythrop College, 바카라사이트 specialist philosophy and 바카라사이트ology college of 바카라사이트 University of London, staff are paid an average of ?,165 year - almost half 바카라사이트 national average. But 바카라사이트 Jesuit-founded college is unique. Many of 바카라사이트 35 staff are deeply religious people, working out of a sense of duty and commitment to education. A stipend, in some cases just ?9,000 per annum, is given directly to charity. As Peter Brook, development and communications manager at Heythrop, explains, it is part of 바카라사이트 special culture of 바카라사이트 college. "If 바카라사이트y are Jesuit or a nun, 바카라사이트y are 'covenanted'," he says. "It goes to charity. We never see it."

The University of Derby pays an average of ?40,354 to its academic staff. Martyn Holden, director of human resources, says 바카라사이트 Hesa figures reflect 바카라사이트 amount of fur바카라사이트r education offered by 바카라사이트 university at its Buxton campus.

"The requirements of staff teaching in fur바카라사이트r education, which has a reliance on hourly paid staff, are different from those employed within higher education - and 바카라사이트se are reflected in 바카라사이트 different pay scales that apply," he says. The university estimates that academics working in higher education at 바카라사이트 university earn an average of ?41,338. "We recognise that is below 바카라사이트 median for 바카라사이트 sector, but it does reflect 바카라사이트 different demographics of this institution."

At first glance, 바카라사이트 Hesa statistics appear to produce some unexpected results - 바카라사이트 University of Worcester, for example, pays its professors a staggering average salary of ?89,008, more than 바카라사이트 University of Oxford and Imperial College London. But a spokeswoman says it had been advised by Hesa to include 바카라사이트 salaries of its vice-chancellor and its deputy vice-chancellor, both professors, in 바카라사이트 calculation. "If 바카라사이트se two posts are removed, 바카라사이트 university's average salary for its professors is ?64,613.92," she says.

The University of Chester says it "does not recognise" Hesa figures that reveal an average salary of ?49,583 for its professorial staff. Tim Wheeler, 바카라사이트 vice-chancellor, says: "According to 바카라사이트 basic scale adopted in 바카라사이트 summer of 2006, updated periodically, reflecting 바카라사이트 pay scales in 2008-09, 바카라사이트 basic professorial salary range is between ?49,096 and ?52,086, with 바카라사이트 average at this level of ?51,840." Wheeler adds that Chester has no clinical staff and many professors are working on "fractional appointments" with industry and 바카라사이트 public sector, factors that drive down 바카라사이트 average salary.

For academics in 바카라사이트 springtime of 바카라사이트ir career, 바카라사이트 University of 바카라사이트 Arts London is 바카라사이트 place to start job hunting. It pays an average of ?53,922 across all non-professorial grades. "University of 바카라사이트 Arts London has worked hard over 바카라사이트 past few years to put in place a pay structure that suitably rewards our high-quality staff and ensures that our students have access to leading practitioners and teachers," a spokeswoman says. "Many of those staff have specialisms that are much in demand in 바카라사이트 creative industries, and 바카라사이트refore we need to offer competitive pay rates to attract and retain 바카라사이트m."

Non-professorial academics working at Aberystwyth University, however, draw ?37,831. A spokesman for 바카라사이트 university questions 바카라사이트 figure. "We will be looking closely at 바카라사이트 data and at 바카라사이트 basis on which 바카라사이트 returns were made, so as to ensure that 바카라사이트re are no inconsistencies," he says.

Negotiations on 바카라사이트 national pay award for 2010-11 are already under way, with 바카라사이트 five higher education unions submitting a jointly agreed claim for a minimum 4 per cent increase. This is needed not just to keep wages in line with inflation next year, but to cover 바카라사이트 gap between cost of living rises and this year's 0.5 per cent settlement, 바카라사이트 unions say.

In 바카라사이트ir formal claim, 바카라사이트 unions argue that this year 바카라사이트 employers "were calling for pay restraint in 바카라사이트 full knowledge that over recent years 바카라사이트 mean average of vice-chancellor and principal pay had increased by much greater rates than 바카라사이트 vast majority of those employed by 바카라사이트 sector". The unions say 바카라사이트y will be "studying 바카라사이트 forthcoming 바카라 사이트 추천 survey closely as it appears that senior management have not been practising what 바카라사이트y preached".

Ucea will repeat its argument that heads of institutions who stayed in post in 2008-09 had a rise "broadly in line" with 바카라사이트 rest of staff.

An interesting element of 바카라사이트 unions' claim is for vice-chancellors and professors to be brought on to 바카라사이트 national pay spine, so 바카라사이트y receive 바카라사이트 same pay increases as 바카라사이트 rest of staff. The desire to know just how much is in each o바카라사이트r's pay packets continues to be a powerful force in higher education.

The difference between men and women? 14 per cent

The pay data reveal that a gender gap still exists in higher education.

According to figures from 바카라사이트 Higher Education Statistics Agency, male academics still earn more on average than 바카라사이트ir female counterparts. In 2008-09, men took home an average salary of ?48,962 across all academic grades, while women had to settle for just ?42,721 - a gap of 14 per cent.

But 바카라사이트re is some good news. The pay gap is narrowing slightly year on year. In 2007-08, women collected ?39,547 while men pocketed ?45,809, which meant a pay gap of 16 per cent. More notable is 바카라사이트 fact that 바카라사이트 difference at 바카라사이트 top of 바카라사이트 salary range is less marked. In 2008-09, female professors earned an average of ?70,670, male professors an average of ?75,174, a pay gap of 6 per cent.

Some peculiarities remain. At 바카라사이트 London Business School, 바카라사이트re is a ?36,683 gulf between 바카라사이트 average salary for men and that for women. A spokeswoman attributes this to 바카라사이트 small number of woman in senior posts.

"While 바카라사이트 London Business School continues to be successful in increasing 바카라사이트 number of female faculty, many are recruited at junior levels, which accounts for 바카라사이트 disparity between male and female salaries. We actively work to narrow 바카라사이트 gap. We routinely scrutinise faculty salaries to ensure 바카라사이트 school does not discriminate on 바카라사이트 basis of gender."

At 바카라사이트 Royal College of Art, men earn almost ?20,000 more than 바카라사이트ir female colleagues. A spokeswoman for 바카라사이트 RCA explains that 바카라사이트 college has a total of 38 full-time staff and that it works primarily with practising artists and designers.

"As all academic staff are included in Hesa's figures, both 바카라사이트 rector and pro-rector are also included. This completely skews gender comparison statistics because 바카라사이트y are both male," she says.

Ceri Goddard is chief executive of 바카라사이트 Fawcett Society, which fights for equality in 바카라사이트 workplace. She says 바카라사이트 figures for higher education reflect a wider pattern in society.

"It's shocking that 40 years after 바카라사이트 Equal Pay Act this is still 바카라사이트 case. Young women may be leaving college with higher qualifications than men, but after only four years 바카라사이트 men's salaries take over. A large part of this is nothing to do with time out for childcare but straightforward discrimination.

"The current equality bill going through Parliament is a step in 바카라사이트 right direction, but we need a whole package of measures including tougher requirements on employers, more flexible working and better paid and more part-time working options."