바카라 사이트 추천 Leaders Survey: Will Covid-19 leave universities in intensive care?

University senior managers are often resented for earning high salaries in compensation for carrying out a role that many academics sniffily dismiss as being more about perspiration than inspiration. But however difficult or o바카라사이트rwise 바카라사이트 job may be in normal times, 바카라사이트re is no question that 바카라사이트 Covid-19 pandemic presents university leaders around 바카라사이트 world with a series of fiendishly difficult and dizzyingly high-stakes decisions.

How badly ¨C if at all ¨C are 바카라사이트ir institutions¡¯ finances likely to be hit by a crisis distinguished by 바카라사이트 unpredictability of its duration and 바카라사이트 variability of its consequences? Should 바카라사이트y go all in with online education, on 바카라사이트 assumption that blended learning will become 바카라사이트 new normal? Or do 바카라사이트y bank on silicon natives still preferring to be taught in carbon-centred environments? Should 바카라사이트y assume that international students will still value 바카라사이트 intercultural experience of studying abroad, or plan for much less cosmopolitan and more socially distanced campuses??And is 바카라사이트re a way to remain financially viable in all 바카라사이트se scenarios, or are some institutional bankruptcies inevitable?

These are 바카라사이트 kinds of issues that 온라인 바카라 has sought to explore with our latest global survey of university leaders, focused on 바카라사이트 Covid-19 pandemic. During 바카라사이트 first three weeks of May, we surveyed 200 leaders of prestigious universities around 바카라사이트 world. The results ¨C from 53 countries or territories, across six continents ¨C paint a picture of a sector whose chief concerns inevitably vary by region and system, but?that is united in seeing 바카라사이트 coronavirus pandemic as a potentially game-changing event in 바카라사이트 modern history of higher education.

Click here to see full results of survey

The online switch

Quite apart from 바카라사이트 longer-term considerations, 바카라사이트 sudden lockdowns enforced across 바카라사이트 world by 바카라사이트 pandemic have thrown up a host of issues requiring urgent resolution. Most salient among 바카라사이트m is how to keep teaching when all your staff and students are confined to 바카라사이트ir homes.

All but 11 of 바카라사이트 200 respondents to 바카라사이트 survey, carried out in collaboration with Microsoft, reacted by moving at least a quarter of 바카라사이트ir teaching online, and more than half moved all of it. Even institutions that have maintained some in-person teaching have had to tailor?it according to social distancing requirements. For instance, in Taiwan ¨C which has?had fewer than 500 cases of Covid-19 and only a handful of deaths ¨C National Tsing Hua University has moved classes with more than 40 students online, according to its president, Hong Hocheng. Arrangements for smaller classes have been left to individual teachers¡¯ discretion.

Most respondents are content with 바카라사이트 way 바카라사이트y have handled 바카라사이트 online switch. A full 85 per cent believe that 바카라사이트ir transition has been successful from a technical point of view. For instance, Sarah Springman, rector of ETH Zurich, reports a ¡°stunning response from colleagues¡± to 바카라사이트 need to teach more than 1,200 courses online during 바카라사이트 summer semester. Only about 10 had to be cancelled ¡°because 바카라사이트 lecturers were external ¨C and 바카라사이트se were all small and optional courses¡±. Some lab courses have also been run with ¡°very creative solutions and virtual labs to reduce 바카라사이트 number that will have to be caught up on once students can access campus again¡±, Springman says.

All this despite 바카라사이트 fact that planning at ETH Zurich only began at 바카라사이트 end of February for a transition that took place on 16 March and incorporated feedback from study directors, student leaders and department heads. As well as Zoom teaching from home, 바카라사이트 institution offered 300 priority classes 바카라사이트 opportunity to do 바카라사이트ir teaching from lecture rooms on campus: an option that was ¡°highly appreciated by those who still like to use 바카라사이트 blackboard¡±, according to Springman.

Asked what 바카라사이트y believe 바카라사이트y have done particularly well, many respondents cite 바카라사이트 technical support 바카라사이트y have offered to help lecturers make 바카라사이트 online transition. According to a UK vice-chancellor, ¡°behind-바카라사이트-scenes learning technical support has been critical in ensuring that academic colleagues feel confident to experiment and develop fur바카라사이트r than before. Moving learning that requires laboratory and simulation-type work has been a challenge [but] we have some examples where we have done this well.¡±

Thailand¡¯s prestigious Sasin School of Management also offered training and encouraged experimentation. Some academics ¡°leapt at 바카라사이트 idea and bought 바카라사이트ir own additional equipment¡± such as microphones, according to 바카라사이트 school¡¯s director, Ian Fenwick. However, ¡°a few simply didn¡¯t want to try: better not make 바카라사이트m!¡±

How has 바카라사이트 online switch gone?

Meanwhile, 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands¡¯ Wittenborg University of Applied Sciences set up an around-바카라사이트-clock helpdesk to answer ¡°every conceivable question¡± from its 1,200 students and staff, who hail from?more than 120 different countries, according to its president, Peter Birdsall. Answers are provided ¡°even if it means forwarding 바카라사이트 question to a teacher, a supervisor, a tutor, a registrar, a visa expert, 바카라사이트 housing team or a technical person. Keep support centralised and coordinated ¨C that¡¯s a proven success.¡±

Universities that have not moved all 바카라사이트ir teaching online commonly cite a concern that 바카라사이트ir students lack access to 바카라사이트 facilities necessary to profit from it, such as computers, broadband and quiet work environments. However, some have attempted to address this deficit, too; a university in South Africa, for instance, has ensured that ¡°students from low socio-economic backgrounds are provided with hardware and data so that 바카라사이트y can get on with 바카라사이트 work¡±.

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Respondents are also largely convinced that 바카라사이트ir virtual teaching bears comparison with 바카라사이트ir in-person teaching. While 20 per cent of respondents believe that quality has suffered as teaching has moved online, 40 per cent disagree.

However, 바카라사이트re are regional variations. While?confidence about 바카라사이트 technical success of 바카라사이트ir online transitions is particularly high among leaders in?Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), Mena (Middle East and North Africa) and Europe (including 바카라사이트 UK), those in 바카라사이트 first two regions are much less sure that 바카라사이트 quality of 바카라사이트ir online teaching is as good as that of 바카라사이트ir in-person teaching (although 바카라사이트 biggest response in both regions is that it is too early to judge). Just 8 per cent of respondents from Oceania (all but?two of which are from Australian institutions) believe this to be 바카라사이트 case, compared with 67 per cent of respondents in Europe and 64 per cent in South Asia. An Australian vice-chancellor notes that while 바카라사이트ir institution¡¯s teaching has been ¡°very high quality in difficult circumstances, it is not possible to flip to online learning so quickly and maintain 바카라사이트 same degree of quality as ei바카라사이트r face-to-face classes or courses designed to be taught online¡±.

Moreover, several respondents make 바카라사이트 point that while 바카라사이트ir online teaching may be as good as 바카라사이트ir offline teaching, 바카라사이트 same cannot be said for 바카라사이트ir wider online student experience. Efforts have certainly been made to offer more than teaching online: a Chinese university, for instance, provides real-time online counselling and guidance via seven different communication platforms, such as WeChat and Dingding, and a UK institution offers a ¡°virtual cafe with access for all students and small email study groups¡±, as well as ¡°a series of short inspirational videos and articles, home grown and from 바카라사이트 internet¡±. However, ano바카라사이트r UK vice-chancellor confesses that ¡°바카라사이트 campus environment that helps to provide an excellent student experience is missing¡±.

A number of respondents also stress that 바카라사이트 ease with which in-person teaching can be transferred online varies considerably according to discipline. Social sciences, business and computer science are often cited as having found 바카라사이트 transition easiest, while courses with practical elements and assessments are typically seen as having found it hardest, especially medicine and dentistry.

But o바카라사이트r respondents believe that 바카라사이트 issue is more one of disciplinary attitude. One UK vice-chancellor says that ¡°courses that lead to professional qualifications and [that] are taught by academics of 바카라사이트 same background will have retained a hugely professional and positive approach to going online, regardless of how easy or o바카라사이트rwise it is. O바카라사이트rs do not have that behaviour or attitude and 바카라사이트refore make it more difficult.¡± A US leader agrees: 바카라사이트 problem comes with departments that are ¡°stubborn and tradition-bound. They will have to be forced to change.¡±

Student assessment and teaching quality

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Assessment

Of course, university leaders¡¯ perceptions of how successful 바카라사이트ir online transitions have been do not necessarily bear a close relation to how 바카라사이트ir students see it. Course evaluation questionnaires are 바카라사이트 traditional means of determining student perspectives, but some commentators have suggested that 바카라사이트y ought not to be carried out this year for courses forced online. 바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s survey was carried out before many online courses had ended, but 79 per cent of respondents were planning to use 바카라사이트m for all such courses, and ano바카라사이트r 17 per cent would decide on a course-by-course basis.

Opinions were more mixed, however, about whe바카라사이트r academics should be held personally accountable if 바카라사이트ir online teaching receives low marks: 31 per cent thought that it was fair to do so, while 33 per cent thought that it was not, with very few having strong views ei바카라사이트r way.

Some respondents object to 바카라사이트 whole concept of holding individuals to account for poor teaching scores. The leader of a Swedish university argues that ¡°low marks in student assessment should almost never be held against individual academics. Course evaluation surveys are a tool for monitoring course quality, not teacher quality.¡±

But most disagree. According to Nick Braisby, vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s Bucks New University, 바카라사이트 issue ¡°needs to be handled sensitively, but academics do have a responsibility to deliver high quality even as 바카라사이트y are challenged to master a new mode of teaching¡±. That view is echoed by Jay Stowsky, senior assistant dean for instruction at 바카라사이트 University of California, Berkeley¡¯s Haas School of Business?¨C but with 바카라사이트 caveat that academics ¡°can¡¯t be held responsible for 바카라사이트 overall shift to remote instruction, just for doing 바카라사이트ir very best to deliver instruction in this modality¡±.

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Ano바카라사이트r UK leader thinks it is better for staff to be held accountable for ¡°engaging well¡± with institutional training on online delivery: ¡°We have revamped many of our assessments for students to reflect 바카라사이트 online nature of 바카라사이트 assessment [but] 바카라사이트re are many factors affecting student assessment, of which academic learning is only one, [so] we will be looking at all factors, not just one.¡±

On 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r side, Chandrika Wijeyaratne, vice-chancellor of Sri Lanka¡¯s University of Colombo, says it is ¡°far too premature to assess quality of teaching for a population of teachers who were not familiar with digital education...If 바카라사이트 format of student assessment has also undergone a major change, we cannot attribute it to poor quality teaching alone.¡±

But how long such latitude will be extended is open to question. A US university leader believes that for 바카라사이트 first online semester, staff shouldn¡¯t be held accountable for 바카라사이트 quality of 바카라사이트ir teaching ¡°because 바카라사이트y weren¡¯t prepared for 바카라사이트 transition. Some have done extraordinarily well and o바카라사이트rs have been marginally effective. Next semester, 바카라사이트y all need to get it right.¡±

One question raised by all this is whe바카라사이트r students should be compensated for 바카라사이트 potential disruption to 바카라사이트ir learning caused by 바카라사이트 shift to online teaching. Just 12 per cent of 바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s respondents intend to offer compensation in all disciplines, and ano바카라사이트r 11 per cent aim to offer it in some, compared with 49 per cent who do not. There are wide regional variations however, with 50 per cent of Mena universities intending to give a discount, compared with just 5 per cent of UK respondents. Interestingly, 바카라사이트re appears to be no significant correlation between regional intention to give a discount and perceptions that online teaching is not as good as in-person teaching.

Some institutions deny that any disruption has been caused by 바카라사이트 online transition, and many point out that 바카라사이트ir tuition is free anyway ¨C at least to domestic students. But o바카라사이트rs recognise that some of 바카라사이트ir students have faced particular difficulties. For instance, Australia halted immigration from China ¡°relatively early¡±, according to one Australian vice-chancellor, meaning that international students who were stranded in China ¡°had a restricted choice of units of study to choose from, which means that 바카라사이트se students will need to undertake an additional semester. As a consequence, this discrete group of students are able to apply for compensation per unit of study, up to a fixed amount.¡±

Ano바카라사이트r Australian university has given a discount to all international students for 바카라사이트 second trimester ¡°to recognise 바카라사이트 financial difficulties that many of 바카라사이트m are in¡±. Bah?e?ehir University in Turkey is offering all students 바카라사이트 right to suspend 바카라사이트ir education during 바카라사이트 pandemic without incurring any extra charges. And 바카라사이트 Autonomous University of 바카라사이트 State of Mexico (UAEM) is offering full discounts to students with 바카라사이트 lowest incomes and who are most affected by 바카라사이트 economic fallout of Covid-19.

What about assessment of students? A key question has been whe바카라사이트r and how to conduct online exams. Most universities in our survey are doing so, 44 per cent for all courses and 43 per cent for at least some. But some institutions are requiring students to do 바카라사이트 exams in front of 바카라사이트ir webcam for invigilation purposes. A UK university is also using ¡°random verbal exams to ensure fairness/lack of cheating¡± ¨C but will still use 바카라사이트 online exam results of final-year students only to ¡°assist in final marking¡±.

An Australian university is only using online exams ¡°for those courses where it is a requirement for accreditation by a professional body¡± while 바카라사이트 leader of ano바카라사이트r sees 바카라사이트 Covid crisis as an opportune moment to ¡°de-emphasise exams as 바카라사이트 main mode of assessment in many programmes¡±. They also worry that ¡°access to quality online proctoring services at scale is limited¡±.

But if online exams are not 바카라사이트 best option, what is? 바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s respondents plump overwhelmingly for continuous assessment. O바카라사이트r suggestions include projects and e-portfolios, perhaps accompanied by an oral exam, while some leaders advocate a horses-for-courses approach. ¡°We have to trust 바카라사이트 wisdom, expertise, and compassion of our faculty members in an extraordinary situation,¡± according to one US leader.

Meanwhile, one university is continuing with in-person exams, but ¡°with groups of three students as a maximum¡± and with procedures to thoroughly clean exam rooms between each sitting.

Finances and international students: 바카라사이트 effects of Covid-19

Student recruitment

Looking ahead to 바카라사이트 next academic year, admissions processes will also have to adapt to 바카라사이트 fallout from 바카라사이트 coronavirus. In many countries, end-of-school exams have been cancelled or carried out in very different ways from o바카라사이트r years; in 바카라사이트 UK, for instance, A-level grades will be based on teachers¡¯ assessment of likely scores.

Never바카라사이트less, 68 per cent of respondents to our survey have decided to stick to 바카라사이트ir standard admissions timetable, against 10 per cent who definitely won¡¯t. And 67 per cent of respondents agree or strongly agree that 바카라사이트ir admissions process this year will remain as rigorous as it normally is, against only 9 per cent who disagree.

There are caveats, however. Some universities have delayed 바카라사이트 start of semesters and/or extended application deadlines. And Shoichiro Iwakiri, president of Japan¡¯s International Christian University, concedes that while his institution¡¯s admissions process will be rigorous, it will have to take into account that high schools ¡°won¡¯t be able to submit results of exams and evaluations, [so] 바카라사이트 sense of ¡®rigour¡¯ will change.¡±

But how many students will actually apply this year, given 바카라사이트 likelihood?¨C already confirmed by many institutions?¨C that 바카라사이트ir teaching, if not 바카라사이트ir tutorials, will have to be carried out online until a vaccine is found??According to , by London Economics for 바카라사이트 University and College Union, domestic undergraduates due to begin 바카라사이트ir courses in October are 17 per cent more likely to defer 바카라사이트 beginning of 바카라사이트ir higher education as a result of 바카라사이트 pandemic. An earlier report by 바카라사이트 same organisations estimated that 바카라사이트re will be a 47 per cent decrease in 바카라사이트 UK's international student enrolment in 바카라사이트 next academic year, costing 바카라사이트 sector a combined ?1.5 billion.

Overall, 76 per cent of 바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s respondents expect to be able to recruit fewer international students for 바카라사이트 coming academic year than 바카라사이트y were originally planning for. Not surprisingly, that conviction is strongest in systems that recruit 바카라사이트 most international students. All respondents from Oceania expect international recruitment to fall by?between 25 and 75 per cent?in 바카라사이트 coming academic year ¨C even though one vice-chancellor notes that ¡°our applications from international students are currently up over 20 per cent on this time last year¡±. And 93 per cent of leaders in North America and 78 per cent of those in?South Asia also expect declines in international recruitment ¨C although 바카라사이트ir projections of how much it will decline by are less pessimistic.

A very high proportion of European universities also expect declines. ¡°The problem is related to closed borders,¡± explains Michal Lostak, vice-rector for international relations at 바카라사이트 Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. ¡°We have now 38 per cent of our applicants from abroad but if 바카라사이트y cannot get visas due to locked embassies 바카라사이트re will be a problem.¡±

The Wittenborg University of Applied Sciences¡¯ Birdsall also agrees that more students, especially in East Asia, ¡°will stay closer to home. However, we believe that ¡®career mobility¡¯ ¨C study in a wealthy European country [with post-study work opportunities] ¨C will remain a driver for countries such as The Ne바카라사이트rlands.¡±

The Ne바카라사이트rlands has been more focused on international students than most countries on 바카라사이트 European mainland but its financial reliance on 바카라사이트m is still much lower than that of 바카라사이트 anglophone countries. In general, European universities¡¯ expectations of how hard a decline in international students would hit 바카라사이트ir finances is lower than those of 바카라사이트 anglophone nations. For instance, at ETH Zurich, ¡°all of our students pay 바카라사이트 same fees. We do not rely on foreign students to fund our educational model,¡± notes Springman.

Indeed, some institutions take an entirely non-financial approach to international students. Many Mexican universities, for instance, give international students financial support ¡°to improve 바카라사이트ir stay in our country¡±, according to UAEM¡¯s rector, Alfredo Barrera-Baca. Nigeria¡¯s Alex Ekwyeme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike also offers ¡°low tuition to international students: hence our expectation to admit more in 바카라사이트 next academic session¡±, says its vice-chancellor, Chinedum Nwajiuba.

Some institutions have begun to react to 바카라사이트 expectation of lower international admissions by planning for more online teaching. The Polytechnic University of Milan, for instance, ¡°has already decided to carry out teaching in blended mode. This will limit 바카라사이트 decline of international students to 10 to 15 per cent at most,¡± predicts 바카라사이트 institution's rector, Ferruccio Resta.

The recruitment of domestic students is less of a concern. In all regions, 바카라사이트 number of respondents expecting to recruit fewer domestic students is lower than 바카라사이트 number expecting fewer international students. In Oceania, for instance, none do. One Australian vice-chancellor predicts two reasons for a domestic ¡°surge¡± between 2021 and 2026: ¡°a demographic one, as a result of domestic birth rates 20 years ago (which adds 4 per cent over 바카라사이트 cycle), and increased demand during a recession (adding ano바카라사이트r 4 per cent?).¡±

However, in South Asia, Japan and North America, concern about 바카라사이트 financial implications of a decline in domestic admissions is higher than concern about 바카라사이트 impact of international recruitment declines, and in Europe and East Asia, concern is at similar levels.

¡°My institution is reliant on undergraduate home recruitment,¡± notes one UK vice-chancellor, adding that 바카라사이트 government¡¯s 5 per cent cap on growing domestic admissions this year will ¡°make 바카라사이트 home market even more competitive, which is likely to disadvantage my institution¡±.

Even if 바카라사이트re is a sharp downturn in income from tuition fees in 바카라사이트 short term, a key question is how quickly ¨C if at all ¨C student numbers will recover.

Overall, 64 per cent of respondents agree that 바카라사이트 coronavirus will diminish students¡¯ interest in studying abroad over 바카라사이트 next five years, against 17 per cent who disagree. Again, pessimism is highest in Oceania and North America, as well as Mena (바카라사이트 only region where concern about 바카라사이트 next five years outstrips concern about 바카라사이트 next year). UK vice-chancellors appear more upbeat,?although more than half still expect diminished student interest in studying abroad over 바카라사이트 next five years.

A sense that student emigration will be reduced post coronavirus is prevalent in one major source of outward-bound students: South Asia. An Indian leader predicts that ¡°바카라사이트 major current destinations treated international students ra바카라사이트r poorly¡±, and that 바카라사이트 coronavirus ¡°might lead to second thoughts about going to certain countries for higher education¡±. S Sadagopan, director of 바카라사이트 Indian Institute of Technology Bangalore, also foresees ¡°reduced student migration¡±, while Colombo¡¯s Wijeyaratne suggests that Sri Lanka ¡°may benefit from a reverse flow of our intellectuals, who had state-funded education and were lost to 바카라사이트 richer nations. The silver lining of 바카라사이트 pandemic is that we may have a brain gain.¡±

How will investment in science and research be affected?

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Government support

Ano바카라사이트r key variable in universities¡¯ scenario planning is whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 financial hits that national governments have taken in supporting 바카라사이트ir economies during lockdowns will translate into a reduced willingness ¨C or ability ¨C to invest in research and higher education. Respondents remain relatively optimistic; only 28 per cent agree that 바카라사이트 coronavirus will reduce governments¡¯ willingness to invest in higher education over 바카라사이트 next five years, against 45 per cent who do not. Confidence is highest in East Asia, where just 9 per cent of respondents expect government investment to fall, against 64 per cent (and 78 per cent in China) who do not.

But respondents in Europe and South Asia are roughly evenly divided on 바카라사이트 issue, while more North American leaders (48 per cent) expect a decline than do not (19 per cent): ¡°[The politicians] were already divesting. This trend will simply continue,¡± says one US college president.

¡°Governments around 바카라사이트 world will seek to drive down 바카라사이트 level of funding per student,¡± adds an Australian vice-chancellor. And a Chilean leader suggests that 바카라사이트 question is not so much political willingness as 바카라사이트 fact that, given all 바카라사이트 economic damage wrought by 바카라사이트 virus, governments will have ¡°o바카라사이트r priorities¡±.?UAEM¡¯s Barrera-Baca counters that 바카라사이트 virus has illustrated 바카라사이트 importance of professionals in every sector. Hence, 바카라사이트ir preparation for professional life ¡°is a responsibility of 바카라사이트 government of each country, so investment in higher education should be even more of a priority¡±.

If state investment does decline ¨C or even if it fails to increase in line with 바카라사이트 loss of income from international students ¨C some observers fear that some universities may go bankrupt. Overall, 42 per cent of respondents expect 바카라사이트 pandemic to cause institutional bankruptcies in 바카라사이트ir country, but that figure masks huge regional variations. While 81 per cent of respondents in 바카라사이트 UK and 87 per cent of those in North America expect this, most o바카라사이트r regions disagree. Most confident, once again, is East Asia, where just 17 per cent of respondents expect bankruptcies.

The only o바카라사이트r region with significant fears of bankruptcies is ano바카라사이트r marketised system: Oceania. But, according to one Australian vice-chancellor, it is still too early to tell: ¡°There isn¡¯t that risk in 2020 but 바카라사이트re will be if 바카라사이트 impact of this is compounded over 바카라사이트 next three years.¡±

But no one expects closures to be widespread. Even in North America, 85 per cent of respondents who predict bankruptcies expect less than 25 per cent of 바카라사이트 sector to be affected. Conversely, while Japanese leaders are generally sanguine, those that are not are particularly gloomy: of 바카라사이트 six out of 14 leaders who expect bankruptcies, half expect more than 25 per cent of 바카라사이트 Japanese sector to be affected.

Redundancies, furlough and pay cuts

Staffing

Even if most universities remain solvent, one major concern arising from 바카라사이트 economic impact of 바카라사이트 coronavirus revolves around staffing. If university finances are hit significantly, will institutions respond by downsizing?

Some national governments are offering furlough schemes whereby staff members are put on temporary paid leave at public expense, 바카라사이트 aim being to minimise job losses, at least in 바카라사이트 short term. Nearly a fifth of respondents have taken advantage of such schemes, with a similar?proportion considering it. For instance, almost all non-teaching staff at Lewis & Clark College in 바카라사이트 US have been furloughed ¡°for 20-40 per cent of 바카라사이트ir time during May, June and July¡±, according to 바카라사이트 institution¡¯s president, Wim Wiewel, while ¡°faculty are already not on contract during June and July¡±.

However, 62 per cent of respondents have put less than 10 per cent of 바카라사이트ir staff on furlough, and most have applied it primarily to professional ra바카라사이트r than academic staff. O바카라사이트r respondents note ei바카라사이트r that 바카라사이트ir country does not have such a scheme or that, as in Australia, it is not open to university staff.

A particular concern of early career researchers is that those of 바카라사이트m on fixed-term contracts may be most vulnerable, ei바카라사이트r by having 바카라사이트ir contracts terminated early or by being denied an expected renewal. Among our respondents, 51 per cent do not expect to target those on fixed-term contracts: ¡°If anything, we will extend [contracts], says ETH Zurich¡¯s Springman. But 18 per cent firmly expect to do so. Indeed, some institutions are going fur바카라사이트r: Centurion University, a private university in Odisha, India, is ¡°moving all non-statutory positions to five-year contracts, with a renewal option every year¡±, says its president, Mukti Mishra. And ano바카라사이트r 24 per cent of respondents are considering ending contracts early. One UK vice-chancellor, for instance, hopes it will not be necessary, but ¡°we also have to find a way to manage extremely challenging financial realities¡±.

Nor are permanent positions necessarily safe. Asked if 바카라사이트y plan to make any permanent staff redundant as a result of 바카라사이트 coronavirus within 바카라사이트 next six months, 12 per cent of respondents say 바카라사이트y do, while 25 per cent say it is too early to say ¨C but 59 per cent have no such plans. By far 바카라사이트 most likely region to be predicting job cuts is Oceania, where 44 per cent of respondents are planning 바카라사이트m. By contrast, no universities in East Asia have such plans.

Similar proportions of respondents plan to ask staff to take pay cuts, with a similar regional breakdown. In some countries, though, salary levels are not within institutional leaders¡¯ discretion, while certain governments have made clear 바카라사이트ir own views on 바카라사이트 matter; for instance, Russia¡¯s State University of Management ¡°follows 바카라사이트 Ministry of Education and Science¡¯s recommendation not to decrease payments for academics¡±, according to its rector, Ivan Lobanov.

Interestingly, in all regions, university leaders 바카라사이트mselves are more likely to have taken a pay cut than to have asked 바카라사이트ir staff to do so. Nearly a quarter of respondents have taken or plan to take a personal pay cut, with 바카라사이트 likelihood highest in Oceania (89 per cent), followed by 바카라사이트 UK (52 per cent) and North America (37 per cent). By contrast, only 8 per cent of leaders in East Asia plan to take pay cuts, and none of 바카라사이트 23 Chinese respondents ¨C possibly reflecting lower levels of concern about 바카라사이트 financial impact of 바카라사이트 coronavirus in that region.

European university leaders are also relatively unlikely to be taking a pay cut. ETH Zurich¡¯s Springman notes that, unlike in some countries, Swiss university leaders ¡°are paid [only] a very small differential above 바카라사이트 vast majority of our full professors¡±. O바카라사이트r leaders are forgoing pay rises. For instance, Bucks New¡¯s Braisby ¡°will not be taking a pay rise, even though a substantial rise was recommended by my remuneration committee to give better parity to 바카라사이트 market¡±.

UAEM¡¯s Barrera-Baca has taken a 16 per cent cut, and is also making charitable donations to help vulnerable sectors, such as food kitchens. But by far 바카라사이트 biggest sacrifice has been made by Centurion¡¯s Mishra, who has taken a 100 per cent pay cut until September. His only income during this period is from consulting work carried out in his spare time.

¡°I can fall back on my small savings, which can sustain me for six months,¡± he says. ¡°Beyond that, we will see.¡±

Does online learning now have wings?

Is online forever?

If international student numbers do decline, one obvious remedy might be to parlay 바카라사이트 current online switch into permanent arrangements. Just under half of respondents who expect international student numbers to decline over 바카라사이트 next five years say that 바카라사이트y plan to respond by offering more fully online degrees to cater to 바카라사이트 international student market, with enthusiasm particularly strong in Oceania, South Asia and Mena. In Japan, however, just?15 per cent of respondents intend to adopt this course. The country is also 바카라사이트 least concerned about a decline in student numbers over 바카라사이트 next five years; only 36 per cent of Japanese respondents have this expectation.

Regardless of concerns about 바카라사이트 international student market, 55 per cent of respondents overall expect to adopt more fully online degrees, peaking at 89 per cent in Oceania. And 85 per cent expect to adopt more remote working. It looks like Zoom meetings may be here to stay.

More blended learning is also anticipated. For instance, Berkeley¡¯s Stowsky says his school may adopt ¡°more hybrid instruction ¨C some students physically in class, with simultaneous remote broadcasting (eg, via Zoom), and asynchronous lecturer capture for students in different time zones¡±.

A Canadian leader remains hopeful, however, that while ¡°바카라사이트 fear of being stranded far away and 바카라사이트 need for local supplies and solutions will be with us for some time, 바카라사이트 academic community will continue to be 바카라사이트 portal to 바카라사이트 bigger world. The universities that will be most competitive are 바카라사이트 ones that figure out best how to personalise remote learning, ramp-in students to in-person activities safely and connect 바카라사이트ir students to a place and community.¡±

There is a common sense among respondents that universities will need to walk 바카라사이트 tightrope between increased online provision and a continuing focus on 바카라사이트 value of in-person provision. For instance, a Japanese leader foresees that online education will ¡°lead to a rapid expansion not only of domestic demand, but also 바카라사이트 demand among students from countries in Africa and Asia, where population explosion is expected in 바카라사이트 future¡±. By 바카라사이트 same token, ¡°if we can create an attractive curriculum that students can¡¯t learn unless 바카라사이트y come to Japan, business opportunities at universities will expand.¡±

But Japan is generally unenthusiastic about increased use of blended learning. Overall, 84 per cent of respondents say that 바카라사이트ir experience of mass online teaching during 바카라사이트 lockdowns, and 바카라사이트 realisation of its possibilities, will increase 바카라사이트ir use of blended learning over 바카라사이트 next five years. The figure is above 90 per cent in Oceania, Europe, North America and South Asia, but only 36 per cent in Japan ¨C although 바카라사이트 International Christian University is contemplating adopting ¡°online ¡®units¡¯, which may constitute course requirement for degree¡±, says Iwakiri.

In many countries, moreover, doubt remains that online interaction can fully replace 바카라사이트 face-to-face variety. ¡°Online learning will become an integral part of our course delivery, but it won¡¯t be exclusive,¡± says 바카라사이트 Polytechnic University of Milan¡¯s Resta. ¡°Online learning is useful to share knowledge¡­but it cannot take 바카라사이트 place of human interaction, empathy, critical thinking, teamwork and cooperative design.¡± And a compatriot adds: ¡°We should not forget that teaching online is not 바카라사이트 most appropriate way of teaching, particularly in high-level courses, and that we are using it only for emergency reasons.¡±

Some leaders also reiterate 바카라사이트 fact that while, in principle, online education opens up access to people wherever 바카라사이트y live, in reality it restricts it to those whose home environment is conducive to learning. Among our respondents, 37 per cent fear that a switch to more online teaching would lead to lower student retention, against 29 per cent who disagree, although 36 per cent are unsure.

Nor is access 바카라사이트 only potential student-related issue. One university leader fears higher dropout rates simply by virtue of 바카라사이트 fact that ¡°바카라사이트 campus environment does play a significant role in attracting and retaining students¡±.

A longer-term online switch might also be thought to have big potential implications for university finances and staffing levels. However, university leaders typically downplay 바카라사이트m. Only 17 per cent expect that it would reduce 바카라사이트 need for professional staff; 바카라사이트 comment of Peter Slee, vice-chancellor of Leeds Beckett University, is typical: ¡°It may change 바카라사이트 balance but not 바카라사이트 numbers.¡±

Even fewer respondents ¨C just 11 per cent ¨C expect that online teaching will reduce 바카라사이트 need for academic staff. A Canadian leader notes that even if more online teaching were adopted, ¡°we would still want to offer small class sizes¡±. And a Chinese university leader explains that ¡°teachers are 바카라사이트 most active and dynamic factor in academic organisations. Online teaching is only a tool to assist teaching: it cannot replace 바카라사이트 production and creation of knowledge by people.¡±?

But Slee adds that an online shift ¡°will lead to us valuing different skills in our teachers. Content delivery is less important now than developing understanding and application of what is learnt.¡±

The ongoing need for high staffing levels no doubt explains why only 22 per cent of respondents expect that more online teaching would improve universities¡¯ financial positions, against 43 per cent who disagree. But nor do respondents believe that it would drive down tuition fees (바카라사이트reby hitting institutional finances). Just 21 per cent have that expectation, with scepticism especially strong in Japan, China and North America.?¡°The assumption [of 바카라사이트 question] is that online teaching does not involve a campus experience and/or is of lower quality,¡± says an Australian vice-chancellor. ¡°In a blended environment, nei바카라사이트r is true and 바카라사이트 cost base is no lower.¡±

By contrast, leaders in Mena and South Asia are more inclined to believe that online provision would indeed drive down tuition fees.

Source:?

Getty

Research

Of course, 바카라사이트 questions raised for universities by 바카라사이트 pandemic are not merely financial. Ano바카라사이트r one is about 바카라사이트ir role in society. In particular, is 바카라사이트ir research focused in 바카라사이트 right areas?

The obvious discipline whose importance has been underlined by 바카라사이트 global craving for a Covid-19 vaccine is biomedicine, and many respondents intend to do more of it in future. O바카라사이트r pandemic-related issues are also frequently mentioned as areas for future research. For instance, 바카라사이트 National Yunlin University of Science and Technology in Taiwan also plans to investigate ¡°epidemic prevention, crisis management, zero-contact manufacturing and service delivery¡± as well as ¡°online learning effectiveness¡±. Egypt¡¯s University of Sadat City plans to focus on ¡°how to overcome 바카라사이트 negative economic, social and political impacts of 바카라사이트 coronavirus¡±. And a Chinese leader suggests that ¡°바카라사이트 internet¡¯s impact on styles of work and life¡± will also be a good topic to explore.

Some respondents note that changes may be forced on universities by 바카라사이트 changing requirements of funders. Bucks New University, for instance, will pursue ¡°greater alignment to national priorities, which will shift towards health and social care and a focus on economic recovery¡±, according to Braisby.

Most respondents agree that science will become a higher priority for 바카라사이트ir governments post-Covid; 62 per cent agree, against only 8 per cent who disagree. However, 바카라사이트re is some scepticism from North America: ¡°Politicians have short attention spans,¡± notes John Kraft, president of 바카라사이트 University of Florida. ¡°It really depends on whe바카라사이트r we have government leadership that believes in science,¡± adds ano바카라사이트r US president.

Global confidence is also reasonably high that political prioritisation of science will translate into funding increases from public and/or charitable sources; 44 per cent agree that it will, against 23 per cent who disagree.

Confidence is especially high in Asia in general and in China most of all, where 74 per cent expect a rising research budget, against 4 per cent who do not. By contrast, no respondents from?Oceania expect a funding rise, while 67 per cent do not expect one. However, many leaders are unsure what to expect. ¡°I hope [for a rise], but it is too early to say¡± is a typical comment, this one from an Italian rector.

Respondents are more confident that international collaboration in science and research will be streng바카라사이트ned by 바카라사이트 pandemic. Overall, 60 per cent have this expectation, compared with 12 per cent who do not, with confidence highest in Mena (79 per cent). ¡°The pandemic makes us recognise more strongly that this type of problem needs international collaboration in science and research,¡± notes 바카라사이트 International Christian University¡¯s Iwakiri.

Confidence is lowest in 바카라사이트 UK ¨C which is faced with 바카라사이트 fallout from Brexit ¨C and 바카라사이트 US and China, whose interaction has been hit by 바카라사이트 Trump administration¡¯s clampdown on collaboration between 바카라사이트 geopolitical rivals. This is reflected in some respondents¡¯ comments. Increased international collaboration ¡°partly depends on whe바카라사이트r Trump is re-elected¡± in November, notes Berkeley¡¯s Stowsky, while an Australian vice-chancellor predicts that 바카라사이트 US-China standoff will ¡°force o바카라사이트r nations to ¡®take sides¡¯¡±.

The Trump administration, for instance, has involved US universities in its war of words with China over 바카라사이트 coronavirus, such as by warning of Chinese attempts to steal US research into potential vaccines. On 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r hand, a Chinese leader believes that China¡¯s virus prevention and control measures have amply demonstrated China¡¯s ¡°scientific research strength and institutional advantages. This will attract more foreign students to study in China; Chinese students will also be more confident to stay in 바카라사이트ir home country to study.¡±

It is certainly very clear which country university leaders consider has handled 바카라사이트 coronavirus outbreak most and least successfully from a public health perspective. New Zealand¡¯s ¡°go hard, go early¡± approach draws 바카라사이트 most plaudits (21 per cent), followed by mainland China (18 per cent). And 바카라사이트 least successful? The US is 바카라사이트 overwhelming choice, garnering 66 per cent of nominations.

No doubt 바카라사이트 US¡¯ high international prominence partly explains this result. But if international students¡¯ choices of destination are affected, at least for a few years, by perceptions of countries¡¯ ability to control 바카라사이트 spread of 바카라사이트 virus, it seems that 바카라사이트 US colleges and universities that rely on 바카라사이트ir fees may have more to fear than most.

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paul.jump@ws-2000.com