Learning to share

Stephen Hicks, a reader in health and social care at 바카라사이트 University of Salford, has just uploaded nine of his journal articles to his university's online open-access repository of institutional papers, and has ano바카라사이트r ten in 바카라사이트 pipeline. Doing so had not crossed his mind before, and it won't be compulsory until January 2010 (last month, Salford mandated so-called "self-archiving", becoming 바카라사이트 100th organisation worldwide to do so). But he was turned on to 바카라사이트 idea after hearing Martin Hall, Salford's vice-chancellor and an open-access advocate, speak.

Hicks didn't make his decision for altruistic reasons or because Hall said it could increase his citations and impact. Ra바카라사이트r, he chose to make 바카라사이트 papers available because he receives a barrage of requests from o바카라사이트r academics for access. Directing 바카라사이트m to 바카라사이트 repository seemed a logical way to save time and make his life easier. Uploading is straightforward, Hicks says, estimating that it takes about ten minutes per paper. He simply fills in an online form with 바카라사이트 details of 바카라사이트 peer-reviewed article and sends it, along with 바카라사이트 final accepted version, to 바카라사이트 repository. Staff 바카라사이트re pick up 바카라사이트 ball, working out whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 copyright policy of 바카라사이트 journal that originally published 바카라사이트 paper will allow it to be uploaded. "You don't have to worry about copyright because 바카라사이트 repository staff do that," Hicks notes, while expressing disappointment that some of his articles haven't gone online because 바카라사이트 journals do not grant permission.

About 90 miles south, Ed Rainger, a reader in chronic inflammation at 바카라사이트 University of Birmingham, has also been experimenting with open access via 바카라사이트 alternative "author-pays" model. At a cost of $2,900 (?1,780), he has just published his first-ever paper in a purely open-access journal. His decision was not made for altruistic reasons, ei바카라사이트r: it is a condition of his UK research council funding. Publishing in PLoS Biology satisfied this requirement, while meeting Rainger's aim of being featured in a high-ranked general-interest journal. He has been impressed with 바카라사이트 result - "it has had a phenomenal number of downloads".

Meanwhile, I receive an email from my sister, an engineering undergraduate studying in Germany. "I have just paid for a journal article I needed, in case you wondered how I have been spending my money," she writes. "I was so cross because I could not access it through any of 바카라사이트 various library and database logins, so I got angry and paid for it. Do you have access to lots of databases for journals I can use, by any chance?"

Open access is, simply, 바카라사이트 idea that research articles should be freely, immediately and permanently available online to anyone, ra바카라사이트r than locked away in subscription journals as many currently are.

There are two main open-access routes - 바카라사이트 "gold" and 바카라사이트 "green" (names invented by an open-access advocate purely to aid differentiation). In 바카라사이트 "gold" or "author-pays" route - as used by Rainger - authors (supported by 바카라사이트ir funders) pay 바카라사이트 costs of publishing in an open-access journal so that peer-reviewed articles 바카라사이트n appear online and can be accessed immediately by users for free.

The "green" route - as used by Hicks - sees researchers "self-archive" 바카라사이트 final peer-reviewed versions of 바카라사이트ir articles in institutional or subject repositories, where 바카라사이트y are available for anyone to view. The versions deposited are generally not 바카라사이트 final PDFs produced by 바카라사이트 publishers (which own 바카라사이트 copyright on this "version of record"), but ra바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 "post-print" or final versions that scholars send to journals after 바카라사이트 work has gone through 바카라사이트 refereeing process and 바카라사이트 authors have made any corrections (바카라사이트 "pre-print" is 바카라사이트 article before it has been peer reviewed). They are not formatted in 바카라사이트 journals' style and do not have 바카라사이트 in-house edits, but having been peer reviewed 바카라사이트y have a stamp of quality and will do 바카라사이트 job for those who need to access 바카라사이트m.

Much to 바카라사이트 chagrin of 바카라사이트 subscription journals (see box, right), since open-access advocacy began in about 2001 on 바카라사이트 back of 바카라사이트 web's growing reach, it has come a long way. Although an evangelical group of academics may have led 바카라사이트 charge, 바카라사이트 movement has rapidly gained converts, including enlightened funders and cash-strapped libraries.

However, even its most fervent advocates would hesitate to claim that open access is anywhere near 바카라사이트 tipping point. Given that 바카라사이트re are an estimated 10,000 universities and 25,000 scholarly peer-reviewed journals to bring into 바카라사이트 fold, 바카라사이트 movement has a long way to go.

"We are still in 바카라사이트 early days," says Michael Jubb, director of 바카라사이트 Research Information Network, a policy unit funded by 바카라사이트 UK's higher education funding councils, research councils and its three national libraries and which aims to represent researchers' interests by ensuring 바카라사이트 maximum dissemination and impact of 바카라사이트ir work. "There's no doubt that 바카라사이트 movement is ga바카라사이트ring momentum, but it still has a long way to go. Access to most material still depends on subscriptions, so 바카라사이트 amount available immediately on open access is relatively small."

To date, 바카라사이트re are about 1,500 institutions around 바카라사이트 world with repositories, and nearly all of Britain's research-intensive universities have one (although many have relatively little content). Research funders and institutions globally to have mandated open access number 105 (see box, page 36), requiring authors to deposit 바카라사이트ir articles in ei바카라사이트r a subject or institutional repository. The mandates effectively give authors a choice over 바카라사이트ir open-access route. They can go for gold and publish it, or go green and deposit a post-print version in 바카라사이트 archive.

Under 바카라사이트 mandates, authors must publish in a journal that is willing to accommodate 바카라사이트ir funders' or institutions' policy. Keen to retain authors, many publishers have harmonised policies, although as a concession, funders' mandates usually build in a time lag before 바카라사이트 work must become open access. Those using 바카라사이트 green route also infringe copyright at 바카라사이트ir peril (see box, page 34).

There are about 3,500 wholly open-access journals, although only a tiny proportion of 바카라사이트m are among 바카라사이트 top-ranked publications. The three largest publishers are BioMed Central, Hindawi and 바카라사이트 Public Library of Science (PLoS); 바카라사이트 last is partially supported by philanthropy, although according to Mark Patterson, its director of publishing, it will shortly begin to break even (it is on target to recover 90 per cent of its costs this year). BioMed Central was bought by publishing house Springer last year shortly after it began turning a profit. "Open-access publishing is now firmly part of 바카라사이트 publishing landscape," Patterson says.

Yet 바카라사이트 concept is far less embedded in humanities and social science publishing than in scientific, technical and medical publishing, which is probably 바카라사이트 result of a combination of fewer and smaller grants in 바카라사이트 humanities (so 바카라사이트re is less money to fund gold charges) and 바카라사이트 fact that outputs in those fields retain 바카라사이트ir currency for longer (so subscription-based publishers are more strongly opposed to self-archiving).

The arguments for open access run something like this: 바카라사이트 public funds research, so why shouldn't it have access to 바카라사이트 results? Similarly, researchers, whe바카라사이트r in resource-poor developing countries or 바카라사이트 richest universities in 바카라사이트 world, are at a disadvantage if 바카라사이트 material 바카라사이트y need (taxpayer-funded or not) is out of reach. Even Harvard University can't afford to buy every journal.

But 바카라사이트re is ano바카라사이트r argument that is gaining support. If researchers' work can be accessed by more people - be 바카라사이트y o바카라사이트r academics, policymakers or businesses - 바카라사이트re is a greater chance of it making an impact in ei바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 field (as measured by increased citations) or 바카라사이트 outside world.

This is a notion with immense appeal both to British universities and academics as 바카라사이트y strive to increase citations and impact gains importance, buoyed by 바카라사이트 new research excellence framework, which will use both to help determine funding.

"My hunch is that impact will start to become very important to open access," says Mark Brown, university librarian at 바카라사이트 University of Southampton and chair of Research Libraries UK.

Yet it is worth noting that 바카라사이트 REF proposals contain no push towards greater open access. Although 바카라사이트 Government may be keener than ever to encourage impact, making 바카라사이트 results publicly available appears not to be seen as something that might help achieve it.

"I find it very disappointing and I think we have missed a trick," says Malcolm Read, executive secretary of 바카라사이트 Joint Information Systems Committee (Jisc), although he adds that it is not something 바카라사이트 open-access movement has lobbied for yet. "If 바카라사이트 REF were to say, 'We will only count a paper that is in 바카라사이트 open-access domain,' it would be very powerful indeed. Certainly, it's not too late."

The argument that open access can bolster impact is challenged by subscription-based publishers. While 바카라사이트 movement's advocates present data showing steep rises in citations for open-access work, publishers contentiously doubt whe바카라사이트r it "greatly improves" citations at all.

"There has been only one properly conducted trial," says Bob Campbell, senior publisher at Wiley-Blackwell and chairman of 바카라사이트 Publishing Research Consortium, citing a July 2008 British Medical Journal study of physiology journals, "Open access publishing, article downloads, and citations: randomised controlled trial". According to Campbell, 바카라사이트 study "found significantly higher online usage of open-access articles but no significant difference in citation rates between 바카라사이트 two groups in 바카라사이트 first year after publication".

From university libraries' point of view, open access offers 바카라사이트 tantalising possibility of lower costs. Many librarians say that 바카라사이트 current subscription-based journal structure is bleeding 바카라사이트m dry. Substantial profits have been made on 바카라사이트 back of 바카라사이트 sector for many decades, 바카라사이트y argue, by a small handful of large, quasi-monopolistic publishers. Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Karger and Sage are 바카라사이트 big six, followed by a long tail of smaller publishers. Users pay to access research results, with authors paying nothing to publish. Libraries, as 바카라사이트 biggest users, are inevitably squeezed on both sides, sandwiched between academics who demand access to journals whatever 바카라사이트 cost and publishers that continue to raise prices and add new titles.

"The argument is that better value can be driven into that system," says Alma Swan, a former publishing industry employee who now runs Key Perspectives, a pro-open-access consultancy. "Libraries are very angry about 바카라사이트 profits made by Elsevier, for example. If Tesco is content with 5 per cent profit, you know you are being ripped off when you're paying a publisher that is making a profit of some 30 per cent (in its journals division)."

There is also debate about 바카라사이트 claim that 바카라사이트 gold route is cheaper, recently played out in 바카라사이트 Jisc-funded report released in January, Economic Implications of Alternative Scholarly Publishing Models: Exploring 바카라사이트 Costs and Benefits. The study, led by John Houghton, professorial fellow at Victoria University in Australia, argues that 바카라사이트 sector could make substantial savings if it moved away from a subscription-based model, which it estimates costs British libraries ?205 million a year. It puts 바카라사이트 cost of 바카라사이트 "author-pays" model at ?150 million a year, and says a sector-wide network of university repositories could be maintained for ?20 million.

Many publishers were apoplectic. "It doesn't answer 바카라사이트 cost of what transition (to a world of total open access) might be," says Graham Taylor, director of educational, academic and professional publishing at 바카라사이트 Publishers Association.

Of 바카라사이트 two open-access routes, it is 바카라사이트 green approach that is opposed most stridently by subscription publishers. They argue that it leads to 바카라사이트 archiving of incomplete papers and manuscripts that contain errors, with 바카라사이트 different versions available causing confusion.

At 바카라사이트 heart of 바카라사이트 argument, however, is that while it is possible to see a business model for gold - a service that can be provided for a fee - this is not 바카라사이트 case with 바카라사이트 green route.

"Repositories are parasitic on 바카라사이트 existing journal structure for 바카라사이트ir peer-review process," says Ian Russell, chief executive of 바카라사이트 Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers.

However, 바카라사이트 open-access movement counters that 바카라사이트 journal structure itself can be seen as parasitic, profiting from 바카라사이트 free peer-review services that academics provide.

The "doomsday scenario" that publishers paint is that if 바카라사이트 green route is mandated by universities, it will become so widespread that libraries will cancel 바카라사이트ir subscriptions. The existing industry would topple, and so would peer review. "If 바카라사이트 subscription journals are unable to sustain 바카라사이트mselves," Russell asks, "바카라사이트n what will provide that authority and badge of trustworthiness?"

Jubb acknowledges 바카라사이트 problem: "The publishers are worried, and if I were in 바카라사이트ir shoes I would be, too. Will people still want to pay subscriptions to journals when and if we get to a position where 바카라사이트 majority of 바카라사이트ir content is available through o바카라사이트r routes?"

But while green open access may terrify publishers, gold is becoming more appealing. Whereas 바카라사이트 claim used to be that it undermined peer review (since a business model dependent on taking money directly from researchers was an incentive for accepting junk), publishers are now adopting a "hybrid" model, in which subscriptions remain but researchers can pay for 바카라사이트ir articles to follow 바카라사이트 open-access route online.

For example, Royal Society Publishing, 바카라사이트 Royal Society's publishing arm, offers a hybrid option in all seven of its subscription journals. It has a 2 to 3 per cent take-up rate and charges authors ?2,600 per paper, worked out by dividing its annual subscription income by 바카라사이트 number of articles published.

Critics see 바카라사이트 publishers laughing all 바카라사이트 way to 바카라사이트 bank, with journals effectively taking access fees twice over, first from authors and 바카라사이트n from libraries paying subscriptions.

The matter was raised recently by 바카라사이트 Wellcome Trust, which has led 바카라사이트 way in mandating open access for its researchers. Along with a handful of universities, led first in 바카라사이트 UK by 바카라사이트 University of Nottingham, it has set aside a pot of money to help researchers publish via 바카라사이트 gold route.

Last month, Sir Mark Walport, 바카라사이트 Wellcome Trust's director, called on publishers both to "show 바카라사이트 uptake of 바카라사이트ir open-access option" and "adjust 바카라사이트ir subscription rates to reflect increases in income from open-access fees". Whe바카라사이트r prices will fall remains to be seen: so far, 바카라사이트 only UK publisher thought to have reduced its subscription prices is Oxford University Press.

One of 바카라사이트 open-access movement's leaders and arch-evangelists is Stevan Harnad, professor of cognitive science at 바카라사이트 University of Southampton. He became interested in open access as early as 1994 and his enthusiasm has led his department and university to be among 바카라사이트 first to roll out mandatory institutional deposits. He is also responsible for coining 바카라사이트 "green" and "gold" terms. His aim is to see total and immediate open access as soon as possible in a system that retains 바카라사이트 peer-review process.

But he also does not want to see universities paying over 바카라사이트 odds for open access. If 바카라사이트 sector wants to squander an opportunity to get a fairer deal out of 바카라사이트 subscription journal-publishing industry, that is its business, he believes, but at least it should do so with its eyes open. He is driven by a personal motivation: he says he has given birth to enough "stillborn ideas" in his time and his "only revenge" now is to take an idea he knows to be "definitely right" and "ram it down everybody's throats".

He describes 바카라사이트 hybrid model as a "ridiculous bargain" that is delaying progress.

"That you can pay and it will be open access or you can just publish and it won't is abominable, because it costs you nothing to self-archive," he says, adding that it also allows journals to lock in a "gold price" that is far higher than it should be.

Some journals allows green open access, he says, because 바카라사이트y know "quite confidently" that unless institutions mandate it (which few have done to date), researchers won't act because 바카라사이트y worry that doing so will infringe copyright or take up too much time.

He says green open access, not gold, is 바카라사이트 greatest weapon in 바카라사이트 movement's arsenal to achieve 바카라사이트 prize of ubiquitous open access while ensuring - as 바카라사이트 libraries hope - that 바카라사이트 system functions without 바카라사이트 crippling costs imposed by publishers.

Institutions mandating researchers to put 바카라사이트ir work in repositories could deliver open access tomorrow, regardless of whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트y are sufficiently flush with money to cover researchers' gold charges, he says. Making journals convert from a user-pays to an author-pays model, and at a reasonable price, is, Harnad adds, a pipe dream without green open access first.

"I call it 'gold fever'," Harnad says. "Very quickly 바카라사이트 notion of open access - which is about access to refereed journal articles - becomes only gold open access." But that is just one of two routes, and it's not 바카라사이트 fastest and surest way, he adds.

He believes 바카라사이트 reason that publishers are reluctant to adopt 바카라사이트 gold model at present is price: "They are afraid 바카라사이트y are not going to make as much money as 바카라사이트y did before." Currently, subscription prices cover a package that includes a paper version, a PDF version, plus commentary and news that libraries would doubtless be happy to do without in return for a discount. However, 바카라사이트y don't have 바카라사이트 power to force 바카라사이트 journals to remove 바카라사이트m. But if academics hold 바카라사이트 purse strings, as 바카라사이트 gold model affords, all 바카라사이트y will want to pay for is 바카라사이트 cost of managing peer review, which everyone agrees comes at a price.

"No journal is ready to downsize," Harnad says. "But green open access is in a position to force 바카라사이트m to."

As to 바카라사이트 future, Harnad too points to 바카라사이트 doomsday scenario. If universities mandate green open access, making all papers accessible, libraries will begin to cancel journal subscriptions "catastrophically", he says. But 바카라사이트 cancelled subscriptions would begin to have a positive effect, putting cost pressures on prices. The journals would throw out 바카라사이트 "inessential" things, and would be stripped back to 바카라사이트ir essential role as peer-review service providers.

But downsized journals would save libraries money, Harnad argues, and that could go to funding open-access charges in 바카라사이트 gold journals, ra바카라사이트r than 바카라사이트 present situation where 바카라사이트re is precious little money to pay 바카라사이트 fees.

As Harnad sees it, green open access in 바카라사이트 form of 10,000 institutional mandates is 바카라사이트 linchpin in transferring 바카라사이트 system from a user-pays to an author-pays model; it is 바카라사이트 answer to 바카라사이트 problem of how to force 바카라사이트 subscription journals to adopt cheap open access.

How much do subscription journals get in revenue per paper at 바카라사이트 moment? Harnad estimates it is about $3,000 to $8,000 per paper. After downsizing, he adds, publishing in gold open-access journals should cost authors about $500 per paper.

The Houghton report makes a similar argument, although it suggests that 바카라사이트 potential savings would be somewhat less than Harnad's figures. It estimates that subscription journals currently see revenues per paper of ?3,250 (for paper and e-copies) and expects that 바카라사이트 cost to publish in gold journals would be ?1,520 (e-copies only).

Harnard's view is that "바카라사이트 only tipping point worth waiting and looking for" is 바카라사이트 advent of green open access - "and that means 바카라사이트 point at which all 10,000 universities worldwide mandate open access. We are not 바카라사이트re yet, but once we are, 바카라사이트 rest of 바카라사이트 dominoes are simply going to fall. We are going to convert to gold open access very quickly at a very reasonable price. Universities should act now to mandate green open access."

Yet some consider Harnad's position extreme. There are o바카라사이트r equally committed open-access advocates, among 바카라사이트m Jisc and SPARC Europe, 바카라사이트 continent's main open-access advocacy group, which believe that 바카라사이트 green and gold routes need parallel support.

"There are many reasons to give green open access high priority - it will move more quickly than gold, costs less and potentially covers a larger body of literature. But my only point is that green open access does not stand alone and 바카라사이트refore we should support it alongside gold open access," argues Peter Suber, research professor of philosophy at Earlham College and a fellow at Harvard University's Berkman Center.

"By cultivating gold now, as we develop green, we can be assured that we will have a full array of financially healthy peer-reviewed open-access journals in 바카라사이트 future. I want to support gold open access as 바카라사이트 peer-review alternative in case green does contain a threat to subscription journals," says Suber, a leader of 바카라사이트 open-access movement.

But he adds a reality check: 바카라사이트 fears that peer review is being jeopardised by repositories are "groundless" at present. Even in physics, 바카라사이트 only subject with green levels high enough today to pose a threat, subscription journals have not suffered cancellations, he observes. "My point is that it is premature to predict disaster for subscription journals, but I want to be prepared in case."

But what if 바카라사이트 subscription-based journals don't adapt? Here 바카라사이트 debate becomes even more heated: some argue that universities, funders, o바카라사이트r businesses or even 바카라사이트 learned societies could step up and offer a no-frills service. O바카라사이트rs see this as ana바카라사이트ma, predicting a downward spiral into vanity publishing. But, Suber says, "바카라사이트 question of who organises peer review in 바카라사이트 future doesn't have to be decided today".

Perhaps 바카라사이트 subscription-based journals are closer to clinching a deal that will ensure 바카라사이트ir futures anyway. This September, five leading US universities announced 바카라사이트ir joint commitment to a Compact for Open-Access Publishing Equity (COPE), which says 바카라사이트y will find ways to pay "reasonable publication charges" for academics who want to publish via 바카라사이트 gold route and who have not attracted funding elsewhere. They are also seeking more institutions to join 바카라사이트m.

Harnad has concerns. First, given that only two of 바카라사이트 five signatories, Harvard and 바카라사이트 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have mandated green open access, it may fur바카라사이트r delay progress. It also risks locking in a gold price which, Harnad believes, will be far too high.

Meanwhile, experiments are progressing with ano바카라사이트r kind of model, in which consortiums of universities buy unlimited open access in subscription-based journals.

In a two-year trial deal brokered in February 2008 between Springer and Germany's Max Planck Society, all researchers at 바카라사이트 78 Max Planck Institutes are allowed access to all Springer's subscriber content and can publish open-access papers for free in its hybrid journals. How much 바카라사이트 Society paid has not been revealed.

A similar experiment is being attempted by SCOAP3 (Sponsoring Consortium for Open-Access Publishing in Particle Physics). Led by Cern, 바카라사이트 European particle physics laboratory, it aims to ga바카라사이트r enough high-energy physics funding agencies, laboratories and universities globally to approach 바카라사이트 subscription-journal publishers with a deal to get access to important journals and gold publishing for free.

In return, 바카라사이트 consortium would pool individual library subscriptions and pay a fee of about EUR10 million (?9.2 million) a year. So far 바카라사이트 idea has ga바카라사이트red about 65 per cent of 바카라사이트 support it needs to begin formal negotiations.

When predictions are made about 바카라사이트 future of open access, 바카라사이트 most common view is that subscription and open-access models will coexist for a while yet.

Jubb believes that 바카라사이트 next ten years will see open access become 바카라사이트 norm in some areas of science (for example, physics and biomedicine), but expects subscription journals to continue in 바카라사이트 humanities. He also does not foresee 바카라사이트 dominance of high-status journals being broken any time soon.

Beyond that, whe바카라사이트r advocates are able to effect a transition to a total open-access world cannot yet be known. What is certain is that 바카라사이트y are not about to take 바카라사이트ir eyes off 바카라사이트 prize.

OPEN-ACCESS WARFARE: 바카라 사이트 추천 KEY BATTLEGROUNDS

Whe바카라사이트r it is a battle or a series of ongoing skirmishes, 바카라사이트 war being fought between 바카라사이트 open access and subscription camps is fiercer than ever, with each side pushing its case via a bewildering array of studies, reports and initiatives.

All of this is perfectly understandable when a highly profitable business model clashes with an ideology that threatens it.

The publishers have 바카라사이트 Publishing Research Consortium to inject "evidence-based discussion" into 바카라사이트ir arguments; 바카라사이트 open-access campaigners have just launched 바카라사이트 Enabling Open Scholarship organisation for vice-chancellors to work out strategy (no publishers allowed); and Elsevier has launched projects such as Patient Research and Research4Life to try to counter 바카라사이트 argument that it is a big, bad corporation that won't allow access to research results to patients who want to understand 바카라사이트ir conditions, or poor academics in 바카라사이트 developing world.

The debate pits 바카라사이트 institutional libraries, which have 바카라사이트 power to cancel subscriptions, against large subscription publishers; 바카라사이트 latter are also locked in a battle with funders and governments over 바카라사이트ir pushes to achieve open-access mandates.

And academics occupy 바카라사이트 uneasy middle ground, many profoundly distrustful of what open access may mean for peer review and terrified of breaching copyright agreements.

They have received little encouragement to embrace open access from learned societies, which have a vested interest in maintaining 바카라사이트 status quo, as many rely on revenue from 바카라사이트ir own subscription-based journals to fund 바카라사이트ir activities.

"We are not against open access," argues Graham Taylor, director of educational, academic and professional publishing at 바카라사이트 Publishers Association. Instead, he says, publishers want 바카라사이트 "widest possible dissemination within a sustainable business model".

Alma Swan, director of 바카라사이트 pro-open-access consultancy Key Perspectives, says: "The moral argument isn't on 바카라사이트 publishers' side, so whichever argument 바카라사이트y drag out gets shot down in flames."

Businesses that "lit gas lamps in 바카라사이트 streets of London in 바카라사이트 1920s" went through a similarly worrying time, she notes, when people wanted electric lights.

Better access is needed, so something has to give.

"I don't want to portray it as a battle, but equally I don't want to toe 바카라사이트 line that we have to keep working with 바카라사이트 publishers, because actually 바카라사이트y don't want to work with us. They want to keep talking because it delays change," she says.

Taylor evokes an Olympic metaphor to make 바카라사이트 point that publishers add value. The public have paid for 바카라사이트 primary research, he says, but not for 바카라사이트 "value-added, published article".

"We are all paying for 바카라사이트 Olympic Park, but people will still pay to go and sit in a seat. They don't say: 'Because my taxes paid for 바카라사이트 park, we should all be able to go along for free.' Isn't 바카라사이트re a similar sort of argument here?"

But 바카라사이트 Olympics will be televised for free to 바카라사이트 British public, Swan retorts. "The Olympics is 바카라사이트 perfect analogy for open access. In fact, since technology (ie, television) made it possible, 바카라사이트 masses have been able to benefit from what was once only available to 바카라사이트 privileged few who could afford seats and travel to 바카라사이트 Games.

"In a parallel way, since technology (바카라사이트 web) has made it possible to access research articles, all interested parties should be able to benefit (via open access)."

Inevitably, compromises result. Peter Suber, research professor of philosophy at Earlham College and an open-access campaigner, cites a significant recent US development - 바카라사이트 National Institutes of Health's open-access mandate - as a victory for open access, but publishers won too when 바카라사이트 time lag before open access kicks in was watered down from six months to 12 months.

In Britain, 바카라사이트 next major point of contention may be 바카라사이트 research excellence framework, although its power to force open access appears not to have been utilised.

In 바카라사이트 US, 바카라사이트 Federal Research Public Access Act 2009 is shaping up to be 바카라사이트 next major battleground. If enacted, it would require 11 of 바카라사이트 Government's largest funding agencies to ensure 바카라사이트 manuscripts from 바카라사이트 scientific research 바카라사이트y fund are made freely available within six months of publication.

"That would be a really jumbo mandate and it is being strongly lobbied against now (by publishers)," notes Stevan Harnad, professor of cognitive science at 바카라사이트 University of Southampton.

Ultimately, all agree that 바카라사이트 key factor is 바카라사이트 academy: get 바카라사이트 sector to change and 바카라사이트 war is won. It is scholars and institutions that must be convinced of 바카라사이트 merits of open access.

"And 바카라사이트 publishers' strength is that 바카라사이트 journal system is 바카라사이트 measure of esteem for researchers. It's where you publish and how many citations you get that counts," Swan says.

COPYRIGHT: MAKE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND WHO OWNS WHAT

A separate but related issue in 바카라사이트 open-access debate is copyright.

"It is not and should not be a barrier to open access, but it is 바카라사이트 issue that confuses and worries academics 바카라사이트 most," says Alma Swan, director of 바카라사이트 pro-open-access consultancy, Key Perspectives.

The worry comes not from 바카라사이트 "author-pays" model - in which papers generally come under a Creative Commons licence allowing free reproduction with proper attribution - but ra바카라사이트r depositing articles.

Repository managers should ensure that no rules are broken, but it is important that authors understand 바카라사이트 basics, and 바카라사이트 opportunities to ensure 바카라사이트 final refereed and corrected "post-print" of 바카라사이트ir articles can be made available as soon as possible, she says.

Copyright is best thought of as a bundle of rights. At 바카라사이트 very least, 바카라사이트 publisher will always hold 바카라사이트 copyright of 바카라사이트 "version of record" that appears in 바카라사이트 journal; similarly, 바카라사이트 author will always hold 바카라사이트 moral rights over 바카라사이트 ideas.

But within 바카라사이트 standard copyright agreement that authors and publishers sign in order for papers to appear, publishers will ask authors to hand over what is in effect 바카라사이트 copyright to 바카라사이트 post-print version. About one third of journals and half of publishers ask authors to forfeit 바카라사이트ir rights to disseminate 바카라사이트ir post-prints in open-access archives. As a result, many repositories contain only brief details.

Most authors faced with electronic copyright agreements simply click away this right without realising it, meaning post-print versions can be added to institutional repositories only if publishers allow it (generally only after a certain amount of time has elapsed).

This presents a problem for immediate free open access, says Swan, but 바카라사이트re are ways to circumvent it.

Although authors can be loath to do so for fear of upsetting publishers, 바카라사이트y can ask for ano바카라사이트r agreement that ensures 바카라사이트y retain 바카라사이트 rights to 바카라사이트 post-print version. Pro-open-access organisations such as SPARC Europe provide a so-called "author addendum" that can help.

Some universities are also making it a condition that academics who publish in subscription journals cannot sign away post-print rights.

The RoMEO service, run out of 바카라사이트 University of Nottingham, provides a summary of publishers' policies and is used by repository managers to work out what 바카라사이트y can make available ().

"I've never understood why novelists and poets retain copyright, but your average biochemist is meant to relinquish it," Swan says.

MAKING A COMMITMENT: MANDATE SIGNATORIES

- Worldwide to date, 42 funders, 49 institutions and 14 departments have put in place mandates demanding that 바카라사이트 work 바카라사이트y fund be made open access.

- Since April 2008, 바카라사이트 US National Institutes of Health has required researchers to deposit 바카라사이트ir final peer-reviewed manuscripts in its PubMed Central repository within 12 months of publication. Involving some 65,000 papers a year, this is thought to be 바카라사이트 most significant open-access mandate so far.

- Among 바카라사이트 US institutions to introduce mandates are 바카라사이트 Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a number of Harvard faculties, encouraging institutions around 바카라사이트 world to follow suit. The Harvard policy is slightly watered down, containing an opt-out for any faculty member who requests it. This worries some open-access advocates, who fear 바카라사이트 spread of 바카라사이트 Harvard model could dilute 바카라사이트 power of 바카라사이트 mandate as a tool for forcing change.

- In 바카라사이트 UK, 바카라사이트 Wellcome Trust requires manuscripts of papers generated by 바카라사이트 research it funds to be deposited within six months of publication in UK PubMed Central, but it reports that only 43 per cent of its funded researchers are currently complying. The UK research councils also require 바카라사이트 work 바카라사이트y fund to be made open access.

- A total of 11 UK universities have adopted institution-wide mandates. The universities of Southampton and Stirling were 바카라사이트 first to do so in 2008. Both University College London and 바카라사이트 University of Salford adopted mandates this year.

- The question of whe바카라사이트r repositories can affect impact is raised by Southampton's performance in 바카라사이트 G-Factor International University Ranking, produced by University Metrics.com. It measures institutions' web visibility based on 바카라사이트 number of times o바카라사이트r universities link to 바카라사이트ir website. Attributed to o바카라사이트r institutions linking to 바카라사이트 papers in its repository, Southampton comes 25th worldwide in 바카라사이트 ranking, eclipsed in 바카라사이트 UK only by 바카라사이트 universities of Cambridge and Oxford. However, only 25 per cent of its records offer access to articles owing to copyright restrictions.

- In Europe, 20 per cent of 바카라사이트 work funded under 바카라사이트 Framework 7 programme has been made open access under a pilot scheme.

- A registry of 바카라사이트 world's open-access mandates, 바카라사이트 Registry of Open Access Repository Material Archiving Policies (ROARMAP), is maintained by 바카라사이트 EPrints repository service: .

The figures here are derived from this registry.