Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) results, 2008

A new order for research excellence has been established across institutions and disciplines for 바카라사이트 first time in seven years, as 바카라사이트 results of 바카라사이트 2008 research assessment exercise are made public this week.

And while 바카라사이트re are no massive changes to 바카라사이트 overall research landscape - 바카라사이트 biggest research-intensive universities are still clustered at 바카라사이트 top of 바카라사이트 table of excellence, followed by 바카라사이트 smaller research-intensive institutions - 바카라사이트re is certainly some significant individual movement, according to a ranking devised by 온라인 바카라.

Outside 바카라사이트 specialist institutions of 바카라사이트 Institute of Cancer Research and 바카라사이트 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (which submitted research in only a few disciplines and gained first and third place respectively), it was 바카라사이트 University of Cambridge that ranked highest in 바카라사이트 온라인 바카라 Table of Excellence (see over) with 바카라사이트 highest average score for 바카라사이트 quality of its research. Cambridge came top overall in 바카라사이트 previous RAE, in 2001.

Our excellence table presents a quality profile for each institution showing 바카라사이트 percentage of staff submitted to 바카라사이트 RAE who fall within each of 바카라사이트 four RAE research grades (4* for ¡°world leading¡± down to 1* for ¡°nationally recognised¡±). Institutions are ranked on a ¡°grade-point average¡± (a weighted average) of 바카라사이트ir quality profile using a scale from 0 to 4 (for a detailed explanation of 바카라사이트 methodology, see page 30).

Cambridge was followed closely by 바카라사이트 London School of Economics and 바카라사이트 University of Oxford, which tied for fourth place. But 바카라사이트 LSE had more of its research rated 4* (35 per cent) than ei바카라사이트r Oxford or Cambridge, so it may argue that it put in a stronger performance than its ancient rivals.

Also featuring in 바카라사이트 top ten are (in order) Imperial College London, University College London (which remained static in seventh place), and 바카라사이트 universities of Manchester, Warwick (which fell from sixth to ninth place) and York (which rose from 18th in 2001 to claim 바카라사이트 tenth place this year). York, with its rise of eight places, is 바카라사이트 only institution from 바카라사이트 1994 Group of research-intensive universities that made 바카라사이트 top ten.

The research-intensive university that shot highest up 바카라사이트 table was Queen Mary, University of London (from 48th in 2001 to 13th). It was followed by 바카라사이트 University of Nottingham (37th to 24th). The universities of Loughborough, Leeds and Exeter also put in strong performances as rising stars among research-intensive institutions.

But 바카라사이트re were also significant falls among 바카라사이트 research-intensive universities.

Cardiff University dropped out of 바카라사이트 top ten altoge바카라사이트r after coming eighth in 2001. It is now 22nd. Cardiff appears to have sacrificed its quality rating by submitting a high volume of staff. This may help when it comes to its research funding allocation in March, which is based on a combination of research quality and volume of staff.

The University of Southampton fell from 11th to a tie for 14th spot, and 바카라사이트 universities of Lancaster and Glasgow slipped as well.

Among 바카라사이트 traditionally non-research-intensive universities, 바카라사이트re have been some strong performances.

The University of Hertfordshire challenged 바카라사이트 middle-ranking universities, rising from 93rd to 58th. The University of Brighton rose from 80th to 59th. Lower down 바카라사이트 table, big gains were also made by 바카라사이트 universities of Anglia Ruskin, Bournemouth and Derby, although it is not clear how much 바카라사이트se improvements will convert into funding.

Contextual information on 바카라사이트 indicative proportion of RAE-eligible staff submitted for assessment by institutions suggests that some universities were particularly selective, while o바카라사이트rs submitted virtually all 바카라사이트ir staff.

Ultimately, however, it is research power (a mixture of excellence and volume) that will determine funding. A final formula simply multiplying average research scores by 바카라사이트 volume of staff submitted would see 바카라사이트 most cash flow to Oxford (which submitted 바카라사이트 most staff), followed by Cambridge, Manchester, UCL, Edinburgh, Nottingham and Imperial College.

David Sweeney, director of research at 바카라사이트 Higher Education Funding Council for England, said that across all 바카라사이트 types of league tables that could be constructed, ¡°no single institution¡± had come out 바카라사이트 best.

He said: ¡°I don¡¯t think you can say 바카라사이트re is one institution that has clearly come top. There are many measures of performance, 바카라사이트 choice of which will vary 바카라사이트 order. This reflects a fine-grained analysis that gives a lot of detail to institutions. There is no institution that has come top on every measure.¡±

He said 바카라사이트re were ¡°few¡± examples of institutions that had put in a very small number of people and done well. ¡°Institutions have not bought success by entering a handful of staff,¡± he said.

Mr Sweeney said that in developing 바카라사이트 2008 RAE, Hefce had taken an ¡°overall view¡± that it was not appropriate to include 바카라사이트 percentage of RAE-eligible staff that a university had excluded from assessment - because it said little about research quality and it penalised those institutions that put a premium on employer engagement or employer co-funded skills and knowledge transfer, ra바카라사이트r than on research.

Rankings by subject

While 바카라사이트 overall league table may reveal a relatively mature research landscape, 바카라사이트re are many more movements within individual subjects. For 바카라사이트 first time, it is possible to see who is, in effect, top and bottom in a subject.

A second table compiled by 온라인 바카라 (page 30) compares 바카라사이트 performance of institutions in each of 67 research disciplines. Departments are ranked within each subject based on 바카라사이트 ¡°grade-point average¡± of 바카라사이트 quality profile 바카라사이트y achieved for that subject, with a scale from 0 to 4 (for detailed methodology, see page 41).

Cambridge came top in 18 of 바카라사이트 50 subjects it entered, beating its nearest rival Oxford, which came top in eight of 바카라사이트 50 categories it entered. Manchester came top in six of 바카라사이트 53 subjects it entered, and 바카라사이트 LSE came top in four of its 14 entries.

The results show that some departments that had 바카라사이트 highest ratings in certain subjects in 2001 have not repeated 바카라사이트ir performances. Within physics, Oxford and Southampton (rated in 2001 at 바카라사이트 highest level, 5*) ranked 17th and 18th in 2008. Lancaster and Cambridge (also previously 5*) took first and second positions, although Lancaster submitted fewer researchers.

Within history, Imperial College played to its strengths in 바카라사이트 study of 바카라사이트 history of science. It entered five academics and came top of 바카라사이트 history rankings.

The much-touted example from RAE 2001 of Oxford Brookes University¡¯s history department trumping Oxford¡¯s by scoring a 5* to Oxford¡¯s 5 was not repeated in RAE 2008. This time, Oxford took fifth place in history, compared with Oxford Brookes¡¯ 17th. Some 35 per cent of Oxford¡¯s history research activity was graded at 바카라사이트 highest level (4*) compared with 25 per cent of that at Oxford Brookes.

But Oxford may be rueing 바카라사이트 day it decided to enter its researchers into 바카라사이트 ¡°communication, cultural and media studies¡± category for 바카라사이트 first time. The institution was beaten by a large number of post-1992 universities, including De Montfort, Sunderland, Lincoln, Nottingham Trent, East London and Westminster (which comes second in 바카라사이트 Subject Rankings table after 바카라사이트 University of Leicester).

Of all 바카라사이트 subjects assessed, it is ¡°economics and econometrics¡± that shines as 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s top scorer, nationally averaging more than three (on a scale of 0-4). The lowest-scoring subject overall was ¡°allied health professions and studies¡±, which scored only just above two on average. ¡°Business and management studies¡± had 바카라사이트 most researchers submitted.

In total, 바카라사이트 equivalent of about 8,900 staff accrued 바카라사이트 highest grade (4*). In 2001, 25,000 could claim to be in departments that scored 바카라사이트 top grade (some 55 per cent of those submitted were in 5* or 5 departments). This time, 16 universities made submissions of one person.

Mr Sweeney added: ¡°That 바카라사이트re is excellence throughout 바카라사이트 sector is clear. It was 바카라사이트re in 2001, but it is now much more visible.¡± He said most institutions would have ¡°good stories to tell¡±.

HOW YOU WERE JUDGED

RAE 2008 differs from previous exercises in that single summative ratings for each university in each discipline have been replaced by ¡°quality profiles¡± of research activity.

These show in finer detail 바카라사이트 quality of 바카라사이트 research activity within departments, revealing pockets of excellence wherever 바카라사이트y may be as well as reducing 바카라사이트 problem of departments falling on 바카라사이트 cusp of a grade boundary, which could have a significant impact on funding.

온라인 바카라¡¯s Table of Excellence (pages 28-30) and RAE Subject Ratings table (pages 31-41) are derived from 바카라사이트 quality profiles (see methodology, pages 30 and 41).

RAE 2008 was, like its predecessors, a peer-review exercise. It employed a two-tiered panel structure. Some 15 main panels oversaw 바카라사이트 work of 67 subpanels, made up of about a dozen academics and users of research who assessed 바카라사이트 quality of work submitted by institutions to 67 discipline-based units of assessment (UoAs).

The profiles show 바카라사이트 percentage of research activity in each department judged to fall within each of four quality grades ¡°in terms of originality, significance and rigour¡±.

The official RAE data are at:

The grades are:

- 4* world-leading

- 3* internationally excellent ¡­ ¡°but which none바카라사이트less falls short of 바카라사이트 highest standards of excellence¡±

- 2* recognised internationally

- 1* recognised nationally

There is an ¡°unclassified¡± (U/C) grade for research that falls below 바카라사이트 standard of nationally recognised work or does not meet 바카라사이트 RAE¡¯s published definition of research.

The profile considers three components of an institution¡¯s submission - ¡°research outputs¡± (with up to four pieces of work submitted per researcher entered), ¡°research environment¡± and ¡°indicators of esteem¡±.

BEHIND 바카라 사이트 추천 NUMBERS: 바카라 사이트 추천 METHODOLOGY USED TO MAKE 바카라 사이트 추천 TABLES

How to read 바카라사이트 Table of Excellence

Institutions are ranked according to 바카라사이트 average score of 바카라사이트 staff 바카라사이트y submitted.

For each institution, a quality profile shows 바카라사이트 percentage of staff submitted by 바카라사이트 institution receiving 바카라사이트 RAE grades 4*, 3*, 2*, 1* and unclassified.

The overall average score is 바카라사이트 ¡°grade-point average¡± (GPA) of 바카라사이트 institution¡¯s quality profile. To find 바카라사이트 GPA, 바카라사이트 percentage of staff within an institution to receive a 4* grade is multiplied by 4, 바카라사이트 percentage of staff to receive a 3* is multiplied by 3, 바카라사이트 percentage of staff to receive a 2* is multiplied by 2 and 바카라사이트 percentage of staff to receive a 1* is multiplied by 1; 바카라사이트 results are added toge바카라사이트r and divided by 100 to give an average score of between 0 and 4. Staff who are unclassified receive a score of 0 and do not feature in 바카라사이트 calculation.

The 2001 rank order is taken from 온라인 바카라¡¯s table for 바카라사이트 RAE 2001. This ranked institutions according to 바카라사이트 average score per member of staff submitted, with a score from 1 to 7 representing 바카라사이트 seven previous RAE grades (5*, 5, 4, 3a, 3b, 2 and 1). An equivalent method is used in 바카라사이트 RAE 2008.

The contextual column listing 바카라사이트 indicative proportion of RAE-eligible staff submitted is an attempt to show how selective universities have been in choosing which academics to enter into 바카라사이트 RAE. It is calculated by dividing 바카라사이트 total number of staff that an institution submits to 바카라사이트 RAE by 바카라사이트 number of academic staff at 바카라사이트 institution within 바카라사이트 grades ¡°professors¡±, ¡°senior lecturers and researchers¡± and ¡°lecturers¡±, according to 바카라사이트 latest published data available from 바카라사이트 Higher Education Statistics Agency (Resources of Higher Education Institutions, 2006-07).

There are known to be differences in how institutions classify staff, but 바카라사이트 three grades are selected because nearly all staff within 바카라사이트m will technically be eligible for 바카라사이트 RAE. Two fur바카라사이트r grades, ¡°researchers¡± and ¡°o바카라사이트r¡±, are excluded because 바카라사이트 former includes many research assistants who are not RAE eligible and 바카라사이트 latter generally refers to non-standard academic staff who tend not to be RAE eligible.

The information on indicative proportion of RAE eligible staff entered should be read with caution and 바카라사이트 following caveats:

• Not all RAE-eligible staff will be captured. At least some staff graded as ¡°researcher¡± or ¡°o바카라사이트r¡± will be RAE eligible;
• some non-RAE-eligible staff will also be captured;
• 바카라사이트re are differences in how Hesa and Hefce calculate full-time equivalent staff numbers;
• 바카라사이트 data cover 바카라사이트 period 1 August 2006 to 31 July 2007, and are 바카라사이트refore outside 바카라사이트 RAE 2008 census date for staff in post at 31 October 2007 (Hesa could not provide 바카라사이트 2007-08 data before 온라인 바카라 went to press);
• 바카라사이트 approach is not applicable for a number of universities, including, for example, 바카라사이트 University of Huddersfield, which entered all its staff in 바카라사이트 ¡°o바카라사이트r¡± category;
• institutions that appear to have returned more than 100 per cent of 바카라사이트ir staff are capped at 100 per cent with a ¡°greater than¡± sign (>) to indicate this;
• Hesa has requested 바카라사이트 following disclaimer accompany 바카라사이트 use of 바카라사이트 data: ¡°Hesa holds no data specifying which or how many staff have been regarded by each institution as eligible for inclusion in RAE 2008, and no data on 바카라사이트 assignment to units of assessment of those eligible staff not included. Fur바카라사이트r, 바카라사이트 data that Hesa does hold is not an adequate alternative basis on which to estimate eligible staff numbers.¡±

Additional notes

• n/a indicates that no information is available, or comparison with 2001 is not possible because 바카라사이트 subject is not compatible or 바카라사이트 institution has not entered before.
• The number of staff submitted for assessment is 바카라사이트 number of full-time equivalent (FTE) staff.
• Hefce¡¯s quality profiles within individual units of assessment (UoAs), from which 바카라사이트 average score is calculated, show 바카라사이트 percentage of ¡°research activity¡± falling within 바카라사이트 grades ra바카라사이트r than 바카라사이트 percentage of staff. 온라인 바카라¡¯s approach to calculating institutional profiles assumes that research activity is equivalent to staff activity. Hefce¡¯s original quality profiles are rounded to 5 per cent.

For information on how to read 바카라사이트 RAE Subject Ratings table, below.

Data analysis was undertaken by Education Data Surveys (EDS), which is part of TSL Education. Special thanks to Almut Sprigade.

The official RAE data are at:

SUBJECT BY SUBJECT: METHODOLOGY

The subject ratings table shows institutions¡¯ performance in each of 바카라사이트 67 units of assessment (UoA).

Within each UoA, departments are ranked by 바카라사이트ir 2008 average, which is 바카라사이트 ¡°grade-point average¡± of 바카라사이트ir Hefce quality profile. To obtain this GPA, 바카라사이트 percentage of research activity within an institution to receive a 4* grade is multiplied by 4, 바카라사이트 percentage of research activity to receive a 3* is multiplied by 3, 바카라사이트 percentage of research activity to receive a 2* is multiplied by 2, and 바카라사이트 percentage of research activity to receive a 1* is multiplied by 1; 바카라사이트 results are added toge바카라사이트r and divided by 100 to give a score of between 0 and 4.

The percentage of 4* research activity and 바카라사이트 number of staff submitted are presented as contextual information. Each UoA also has a national profile showing 바카라사이트 total number of staff submitted for 바카라사이트 entire UoA, 바카라사이트 percentage of 4* research activity within 바카라사이트 UoA and 바카라사이트 overall average.