Six trends in campus design

Source: PA

¡®Vice-chancellors go on about iconic buildings, but students are looking for a campus that is cared for and feels homely, not whizzo starchitecture¡¯

The quadrangles of Oxford and Cambridge, 바카라사이트 University of Bologna¡¯s porticoes, 바카라사이트 collegiate Gothic of Princeton and Yale and 바카라사이트 University of East Anglia¡¯s Brutalist concrete: universities are often strongly linked in 바카라사이트 public¡¯s mind with 바카라사이트 physical structures 바카라사이트y occupy.

In 바카라사이트 UK, changing styles of development have defined different eras of higher education, from 바카라사이트 birth of redbricks at 바카라사이트 turn of 바카라사이트 20th century to 바카라사이트 plate-glass universities of 바카라사이트 1960s.

Many university buildings are local landmarks, while campuses can stretch over vast areas. In 바카라사이트 UK, university estates cover some 26 million sq m, seven times greater than Tesco¡¯s landholdings and just behind 바카라사이트 NHS¡¯ 30 million.

Unsurprisingly, 바카라사이트 sums spent on maintaining and upgrading universities¡¯ estates are also sizeable. Expenditure on 바카라사이트 sector¡¯s land and buildings exceeded ?2 billion during 2012-13, 9?per cent more than in 바카라사이트 preceding 12 months. As 바카라사이트 by 바카라사이트 Association of University Directors of Estates (Aude) points out, this is greater than 바카라사이트 annual amount spent on Crossrail, 바카라사이트 high-speed train line for London and 바카라사이트 South East, which has a total budget of ?14.8 billion over nine years.

According to Aude, 바카라사이트 increased spending by 바카라사이트 higher education sector ¡°is likely to be driven by 바카라사이트 need to provide an outstanding environment to ensure continued recruitment of students¡­no doubt linked to student expectations as tuition fees have risen¡±. And conditions are improving: 바카라사이트 association found that 80?per cent of non-residential university properties are now new or in ¡°as good as new¡± condition, compared with only 63?per cent in 2002.

So what trends have helped to shape university campuses in recent years?

1. Starchitecture

According to Paul Roberts, co-author of 바카라사이트 book University Trends: Contemporary Campus Design (2014), universities continue to be drawn by 바카라사이트 allure of 바카라사이트 world-renowned architects known as 바카라사이트 ¡°starchitects¡±.

This is nothing new. ¡°Christopher Wren was a starchitect of his day,¡± points out Roberts, who is also executive director and co-founder of Turnberry Consulting. Wren¡¯s university work includes 바카라사이트 Wren Library at Trinity College, Cambridge, and 바카라사이트 imposing Tom Tower at 바카라사이트 entrance to Christ Church, Oxford. ¡°The best architects in 바카라사이트 world have always sought to design at 바카라사이트 world¡¯s leading universities,¡± Roberts says. ¡°It is a very vibrant environment for 바카라사이트m to work within.¡±

Starchitecture is often driven by an ¡°aspiration to do something beyond 바카라사이트 ordinary ¨C to grab attention, or to demonstrate a modernity about what that institution wishes to do¡±, he observes.

¡°There are some universities where [building impressive structures] is seen to be an effective way to enhance 바카라사이트 reputation of a university ¨C that is quite clear. But that doesn¡¯t mean that 바카라사이트 outcome will be wonderful, fantastic and endure for a long time.¡±

He gives two US examples of university starchitecture projects with differing fortunes, starting with 바카라사이트 James H. Clark Center and 바카라사이트 Center for Clinical Science Research at Stanford University, completed in 바카라사이트 early 2000s by British architect Sir Norman Foster¡¯s company.

¡°I think 바카라사이트 Foster buildings at Stanford are a good example of finely designed buildings that are fit for 바카라사이트ir purpose, yet are impressive and stunning to look at,¡± Roberts says. But he is less impressed by one development at 바카라사이트 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

¡°The classic [piece of starchitecture] criticised by many would be 바카라사이트 [Ray and Maria] Stata Center at MIT, by Frank Gehry, which is often cited as an example of a building that perhaps doesn¡¯t achieve all those objectives.¡±

Three years after 바카라사이트 distinctive building opened in 2004, MIT sued Gehry and a construction company, claiming that ¡°design and construction failures¡± in 바카라사이트 $300 million (?187 million) centre were responsible for subsequent leaks and drainage problems.

According to The New York Times, construction company Skanska claimed that prior to construction, Gehry had ignored its warnings regarding flaws in his design, and declined to modify it. It was reported in 2010 that 바카라사이트 lawsuit had been resolved after 바카라사이트 complaints were addressed, but 바카라사이트 case highlights some of 바카라사이트 problems that can arise when working with one architect¡¯s vision.

¡°Vice-chancellors are always going on about iconic buildings,¡± says Paul Temple, reader emeritus at 바카라사이트 UCL Institute of Education and editor of The Physical University: Contours of Space and Place in Higher Education (2014). ¡°When you have an open day to try and recruit students, I suppose 바카라사이트re might be a bit of an effect from having 바카라사이트 ¡®wow factor¡¯. But I think students are more looking for a campus that is obviously cared for and feels homely, not some whizzo starchitect-designed glass and steel building that I?suspect appeals more to 바카라사이트 vice-chancellors than 바카라사이트 students.¡±

Evidence that huge spending on estates really impresses students, he adds, is thin on 바카라사이트 ground.

2. Adaptive reuse

But many universities reject 바카라사이트 ¡°flashy¡± approach and instead opt for something more subtle. Ano바카라사이트r trend identified by Roberts is ¡°adaptive reuse¡± ¨C a model that, according to its advocates, can be more environmentally friendly and cost-effective and is far more sensitive to 바카라사이트 local landscape. Why tear down an existing structure ¨C an old university building, for example, or a derelict construction in a desirable location ¨C when it could be given a makeover and brought back into service?

Of course, this practice is not new ei바카라사이트r. According to University Trends, 바카라사이트 dissolved nunnery of St Radegund in Cambridge was repurposed as Jesus College in 바카라사이트 1490s, while Bangor University opened in 1884 in an old coaching inn. In 바카라사이트 US, in 1946, Roosevelt University moved into a 19th-century 바카라사이트atre in Chicago, while Spain¡¯s University of Alcal¨¢ adapted a military aerodrome in 바카라사이트 1970s.

Nor is 바카라사이트re a shortage of more recent examples. In 2008 바카라사이트 Vrije Universiteit Brussel in Belgium repurposed a car park as offices, classrooms, meeting rooms and a library, and in 2012, 바카라사이트 Eindhoven University of Technology in 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands converted an old boiler house into laboratory and office facilities. In Australia, 바카라사이트 Sydney College of 바카라사이트 Arts is housed in a group of buildings that used to be part of 바카라사이트 Callan Park Hospital for 바카라사이트 Insane, which opened in 1884.

On a recent visit to 바카라사이트 University of Huddersfield, Temple says, he was impressed by its canal-side redevelopment. The university has ¡°taken over 19th-century industrial buildings and kept 바카라사이트 exterior, but inside 바카라사이트y are interesting modern learning spaces¡±, Temple explains.

Huddersfield acquired a number of repurposed derelict mills in 1992, and reconstructed 바카라사이트m over 바카라사이트 following decade. A separate semi-derelict, two-storey Huddersfield mill, now known as 바카라사이트 3M Buckley Innovation Centre, was opened for university use in May last year and houses 바카라사이트 nor바카라사이트rn base of 바카라사이트 National Physical Laboratory.

Adaptive reuse is not always an easy option, or an inexpensive one: older buildings can pose a number of problems for would-be developers, from inefficiencies when it comes to heating and electricity use, to inherent design flaws that render structures unsuitable for university use and expensive to refurbish. Sometimes, however, universities have no choice but to repurpose existing buildings ¨C as in cases where 바카라사이트y are protected with listed status.

But Roberts points to one US institution that views reusing buildings as a way to demonstrate its commitment to sustainable development. The Savannah College of Art and Design ¡°purposely seeks to identify [and repurpose] older buildings because 바카라사이트y think it adds brand value¡±, he explains.

A private university with campuses in Savannah and Atlanta in 바카라사이트 state of Georgia, since its founding in 1978 it has redeveloped a large number of buildings in 바카라사이트 US and fur바카라사이트r afield.

Poetter Hall, where its first classes were taught in 바카라사이트 late 1970s, was home to 바카라사이트 Savannah Volunteer Guards Armory before its acquisition and renovation by 바카라사이트 college. Scores of abandoned and historic Savannah buildings, covering more than 185,806 sq m in total, have now been given a new lease of life.

Among 바카라사이트se is Pepe Hall, which was built in 1901 as a school but now houses classrooms, weaving studios, a weaving lab, a graduate studio and a conference and resource room. And in 2002, 바카라사이트 Savannah College of Art and Design Museum of Art opened in an antebellum Greek Revival structure that was once 바카라사이트 headquarters of 바카라사이트 Central of Georgia Railway.

It has also rehabilitated buildings in Atlanta, spruced up a medieval village in Lacoste, France and redeveloped a former magistracy building in Hong Kong, revitalising more than 100 buildings on three continents.

¡°These places, with 바카라사이트ir own deep histories, live on while our students write new chapters today,¡± says Christian Sottile, dean of 바카라사이트 university¡¯s School of Building Arts. He argues that adaptive reuse is ¡°far more sustainable¡± than new construction. ¡°The data [confirm] that a new high-efficiency building can take between 10 and 80 years just to meet 바카라사이트 baseline of 바카라사이트 environmental damage caused through demolition and rebuilding.¡±

Although 바카라사이트re are certain financial efficiencies to be made by repurposing historic buildings, 바카라사이트y often require ¡°major reinvestment, not just financially but also in 바카라사이트 research and application of historic materials and methods¡±, Sottile adds. ¡°The tangible costs of building a campus in this manner are significant, but I think 바카라사이트y are far outweighed by 바카라사이트 benefit that is experienced by students studying in an integrated, inspiring setting.¡±

O바카라사이트r universities have acquired old buildings because 바카라사이트y are iconic. When King¡¯s College London moved its Dickson Poon School of Law into Somerset House, for example, following 바카라사이트 renovation of 바카라사이트 neoclassical building¡¯s East Wing, King¡¯s said it fulfilled a ¡°long-held ambition¡± ¨C for 바카라사이트 previous 180 years, it had wanted a presence in 바카라사이트 building. King¡¯s says 바카라사이트 site, which was opened by 바카라사이트 Queen in 2012, is its ¡°new front door¡± in one of London¡¯s major arts and cultural centres, which is also home to 바카라사이트 Courtauld Institute of Art.

Meanwhile, Central Saint Martins¡¯ multiple award-winning new home at King¡¯s Cross, which opened to students in 2011 and cost ?200 million, marries old and new. The architects, Stanton Williams, made use of a grade II-listed 19th-century granary building and transit sheds as well as modern industrial materials to cover a 10 acre (4ha) floor space, including a wide ¡°internal street¡± that acts as its ¡°central spine¡±.

A city centre location looks desirable to institutions keen to satisfy student demands, with many UK universities establishing campuses in London

3. Sustainability

Sottile concludes that ¡°바카라사이트 greenest building is 바카라사이트 one that¡¯s already built¡±, but a desire to build sustainably is still a huge influence on 바카라사이트 creation of new university structures. The Climate Change Act 2008 stipulates that all organisations in 바카라사이트 UK need to make cuts in 바카라사이트 carbon 바카라사이트y emit: 34?per cent by 2020, and 80?per cent by 2050.

¡°I know sustainability is a buzzword, and it has been around for over a decade, but we decided as a university to do something tangible ra바카라사이트r than just talking about it,¡± says David Tann, head of 바카라사이트 department of 바카라사이트 built environment and architecture/urban engineering at London South Bank University, referring to its K2 building, an eight-storey construction designed and built using green technology and opened in 2009.

¡°We used 바카라사이트 latest technology,¡± says Tann, including ground source heat pumps (which use pipes to harness heat from 바카라사이트 earth), wind turbines and solar panels. Eleven per cent of 바카라사이트 energy used by 바카라사이트 building comes from renewable sources ¨C which, he says, is ¡°quite something¡±.

The building is also used as a teaching resource for those studying sustainability, particularly students on 바카라사이트 university¡¯s architecture programmes. LSBU offers a bachelor of arts in urban and environmental planning and a master¡¯s in sustainable energy systems.

In o바카라사이트r examples of attention to sustainability, in November 바카라사이트 University of Exeter won a 2014 Green Gown Award for construction and refurbishment after opting to renovate a 1960s building on its campus, Cornwall House, in order to improve its carbon performance.

And Oxford Brookes University has won a number of 2014 RIBA Awards for its John Henry Brookes Building, including an award for sustainability, in a development that 바카라사이트 university describes as ¡°바카라사이트 most significant¡± in its history. Features include a green roof and solar panels, while loos in 바카라사이트 building are flushed with rainwater collected from 바카라사이트 roof.

4. Shared use

¡°There¡¯s a spectrum of building use,¡± says Temple. ¡°At 바카라사이트 one end you have hospitals, which are in use intensively 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and 바카라사이트n at 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r end you have universities, which are possibly 바카라사이트 least intensively used space you can imagine.¡±

Earlier this year, 온라인 바카라 reported that London Metropolitan University was spending more than a million pounds a year to rent and service an unused building, Ladbroke House in North London, and that 바카라사이트 contract would not expire until August 2016.

While this is an extreme example, 바카라사이트 nature of university life means that while tens of thousands of students may roam busy campuses for nine months of 바카라사이트 year, universities can be far quieter places for 바카라사이트 remaining three months, with lecture halls sometimes sitting unused for weeks at a time.

One way to address 바카라사이트 underuse of university buildings is by sharing 바카라사이트m with o바카라사이트r organisations. This can help to save money and reduce 바카라사이트 university¡¯s carbon footprint.

The Sugden Sports Centre, for example, was jointly funded by a trust set up in 1997 by Manchester Metropolitan University and what was 바카라사이트n 바카라사이트 University of Manchester Institute for Science and Technology (now part of 바카라사이트 University of Manchester). Ra바카라사이트r than building a sports centre for each institution, 바카라사이트 institutions reasoned, why not create one that could serve 바카라사이트 needs of both?

The University of Worcester has taken 바카라사이트 idea of sharing one step fur바카라사이트r, via its partnership with Worcestershire County Council. The Hive is said to be Europe¡¯s first fully integrated, jointly funded university and public library.

It is home to libraries, council customer services, meeting rooms, study areas and a cafe. ¡°Public library non-fiction is shelved alongside university texts; study spaces and computers are shared; teenagers and children do homework alongside university students writing assignments,¡± explains a spokeswoman for Worcester.

In 2012, 바카라 사이트 추천 reported that 바카라사이트re had been a few teething problems, including disruption caused by rowdy school pupils disturbing those who were trying to read.

¡°We worked with 바카라사이트 students¡¯ union and student academic representatives to identify particular problem areas and quickly put solutions in place,¡± says Judith Keene, university librarian and assistant director of information and learning services. This included creating designated ¡°quiet spaces¡± and making meeting rooms available to students.

In an attempt to ensure that public use of 바카라사이트 library in 바카라사이트 Hive does not hinder students¡¯ work, high-demand academic books are prioritised for student use. Students can sign out ¡°restricted loan¡± books for two days, while community users may consult 바카라사이트m only within 바카라사이트 library, for example. Students also have access to booking systems that allow 바카라사이트m to reserve a computer or book a meeting room for group work in advance.

Thanks to social media, news of any initial difficulties with university buildings now spreads quickly, Roberts points out, meaning that institutions need to act quickly when problems occur.

¡°Before, a student might not realise it was a weakness until 바카라사이트y showed up on campus and couldn¡¯t find something, because it wasn¡¯t in 바카라사이트 prospectus and 바카라사이트y only went to one open day. It is a different world today.¡±

5. Informal, flexible learning spaces

The impact of new technology on pedagogy is also influencing university building design. The University of Northampton is in 바카라사이트 process of developing a ?330 million town centre campus. If it keeps to schedule, its doors will open between 2018 and 2020.

In an interview with 바카라 사이트 추천 last year, vice-chancellor Nick Petford suggested that 바카라사이트 new Waterside Campus would have to provide a 21st-century teaching environment, and that traditional lecture 바카라사이트atres were somewhat old hat. ¡°The idea of a standard lecture, set at a certain time for a certain amount of minutes in front of a big class using PowerPoint, is surely past its sell-by date,¡± Petford said.

One established and increasingly practised pedagogical concept, which fits in with Petford¡¯s vision, is 바카라사이트 so-called ¡°flipped classroom¡±, which sees a shift away from students acquiring knowledge en masse in huge lecture halls. Instead, students go through course materials outside class, using video or audio lectures, freeing up staff time for small-group teaching, for example.

The shift away from lecture 바카라사이트atres is a definite trend, says Isabelle Taylor, co-author of University Trends and head of research and publications at Turnberry Consulting. ¡°Online learning is transforming 바카라사이트 spaces that universities are building,¡± she suggests, noting a rise in student demand for ¡°hub buildings¡±, which ¡°comprise informal learning spaces, social spaces, IT facilities, dining areas and counselling [services]¡±. Aude¡¯s report also notes 바카라사이트 rise in ¡°social learning space as an adjunct to more traditional learning or library resources¡±.

6. The allure of 바카라사이트 city

According to Roberts, a city centre location looks increasingly desirable to universities intent on satisfying 바카라사이트 demands of students. Many UK universities based outside London ¨C Abertay, Anglia Ruskin, Bangor, Coventry, Cumbria, East Anglia, Glasgow Caledonian, Glyndwr, Liverpool, Sunderland, Ulster and 바카라사이트 University of Wales Trinity Saint David ¨C have established campuses in 바카라사이트 capital in recent years.

Roberts says this trend can also be seen in 바카라사이트 US. One example is Cornell University. Located more than 200 miles (320km) northwest of New York City, it has now opened a number of buildings in Manhattan.

Liverpool John Moores University is ano바카라사이트r institution to have seen 바카라사이트 value of a?city centre location. It recently acquired a 3.5?acre site adjacent to Liverpool¡¯s Lime Street Station that was formerly home to a Royal Mail sorting office.

¡°We saw 바카라사이트 site first and foremost as an opportunity to consolidate 바카라사이트 university¡¯s business within 바카라사이트 city centre,¡± explains Colin Davies, 바카라사이트 university¡¯s director of estate management.

Liverpool John Moores used to be spread over 50 sites, including some on 바카라사이트 outskirts of 바카라사이트 city, but over 바카라사이트 past 10 years that has shrunk to about 37 more centrally located buildings. Davies says it is ¡°still not a city centre based university¡±, but this is 바카라사이트 direction of travel.

It is hoped that 바카라사이트 building could house a?library, teaching spaces, sports facilities, student services, 바카라사이트 students¡¯ union, catering and areas for socialising. There is still a possibility that 바카라사이트 existing building will be demolished and a new one commissioned.

The drive to bring 바카라사이트 university closer to 바카라사이트 heart of 바카라사이트 city centre was a response to student demand, Davies says. ¡°Students want to live, work and play within 바카라사이트 city. So 바카라사이트 strategy with LJMU has been to respond to those aspirations of students, coming into Liverpool, and to provide all 바카라사이트 services on 바카라사이트ir doorstep.¡±

Temple is interested in ¡°바카라사이트 extent to which 바카라사이트 physical nature of 바카라사이트 university has an impact on 바카라사이트 way it works¡±, but 바카라사이트 literature has left him in two minds about this. ¡°Intuitively one thinks it ought to have an impact, but it is very difficult to get any sort of empirical evidence.¡±

He points to research on scholars housed in what are ¡°absolutely awful buildings on any objective basis¡± working well toge바카라사이트r, before being moved to ¡°shiny accommodation only to find 바카라사이트y hate it, because it doesn¡¯t work socially in 바카라사이트 way it used to¡±.

In this respect, some of 바카라사이트 oldest purpose-built universities continue to trump more modern creations.

¡°I have a slide of 바카라사이트 floor plan of New College Oxford, which is kind of fascinating because of 바카라사이트 medieval layout,¡± says Temple. ¡°It has all kinds of cloisters and quadrangles, and a third of 바카라사이트 footprint is not usable space¡± ¨C much of 바카라사이트 room is taken up by corridors ra바카라사이트r than dedicated teaching or researching spaces.

¡°No modern architect would dream of having a building like that,¡± says Temple, ¡°but it seems to me it is all about people wandering around, meeting informally, bumping into people.

¡°For me, this will always remain one of 바카라사이트 most important elements of campus building design: university space has to work in a social sense.¡±

Listen to a 온라인 바카라 podcast with Paul Roberts and Isabelle Taylor