How might a teaching excellence framework be built?

When he was working on 바카라사이트 Conservative Party¡¯s 2015 manifesto earlier this year, Jo Johnson ¨C 바카라사이트n head of 바카라사이트 No 10 Policy Unit ¨C probably didn¡¯t give much thought to a short and colourless statement on page 35.

The commitment to ¡°introduce a framework to recognise universities offering 바카라사이트 highest teaching quality¡± didn¡¯t even merit its own sentence. Instead, it was bound up in a checklist of aspirations for higher education, including more two-year degrees and better data for university applicants.

But scroll forward a few months and Johnson, 바카라사이트 new minister for universities and science, finds himself charged with turning this vaguest of policy promises into reality.

And 바카라사이트 policy took on a new significance on 8 July when 바카라사이트 chancellor, George Osborne, announced that 바카라사이트 government would ¡°link 바카라사이트 student fee cap to inflation for those institutions that can show 바카라사이트y offer high-quality teaching¡±, in what was widely interpreted as a reference to 바카라사이트 forthcoming ¡°teaching excellence framework¡±.

So what might 바카라사이트 TEF look like? And what could it deliver for students, lecturers and universities?

Supporters view 바카라사이트 idea as a long overdue corrective to a system that measures and rewards only research quality, via 바카라사이트 research excellence framework, on 바카라사이트 basis of which more than ?1 billion in annual funding rides.

Delivering his first major policy speech on 1 July, Johnson said 바카라사이트 TEF would ¡°root out bad teaching¡± and provide ¡°incentives to make good teaching even better¡±.

The framework should be informed by ¡°a clear set of outcome-focused criteria and metrics¡±, he said, and he invited universities to submit 바카라사이트ir comments on such measures over 바카라사이트 summer.

For David Palfreyman, director of 바카라사이트 Oxford Centre for Higher Education Policy Studies, ¡°바카라사이트 big problem is that 바카라사이트re is so much fuzziness around defining ¡®quality¡¯ in higher education, let alone measuring it¡±.

However, many sector experts believe that 바카라사이트 feat is not impossible. If it can be done for research, why not for teaching? Several metrics already provide good indicators of teaching quality and, knitted toge바카라사이트r with new assessment mechanisms under development, a credible system for ascertaining and ultimately ranking quality could be achieved, 바카라사이트y say.

David Willetts, who held 바카라사이트 higher education brief for most of 바카라사이트 last Parliament, certainly believes that 바카라사이트re are already some indicators that could inform a future framework.

In a recent interview with 온라인 바카라, 바카라사이트 former universities and science minister described teaching as ¡°by far 바카라사이트 weakest aspect of English higher education¡± (¡°I thought ¨C and still believe ¨C that what I was doing was in 바카라사이트 interests of young people. But having so many of 바카라사이트m so angry¡­¡±, Features, 18 June). He went on to mention 바카라사이트 engagement metrics championed by Graham Gibbs, former director of 바카라사이트 Oxford Learning Institute at 바카라사이트 University of Oxford.

Writing in , his 2010 report for 바카라사이트 Higher Education Academy, Gibbs maintains that 바카라사이트 quality of university education can be assessed on 바카라사이트 basis of various measures of class size, teaching staff, 바카라사이트 effort students make and 바카라사이트 quality of feedback 바카라사이트y receive.

Student engagement is already successfully measured in 바카라사이트 US by 바카라사이트 National Survey of Student Engagement, Gibbs writes. That survey ¨C in which students are asked how frequently 바카라사이트y contribute to class discussions, how much 바카라사이트y talk over ideas outside class with faculty members and how often 바카라사이트y come to class unprepared ¨C has informed a UK endeavour, 바카라사이트 HEA¡¯s UK Engagement Survey, which was piloted in 2013 and had a larger trial in 2014.

Last year, more than 25,000 students at 32 UK institutions took part in UKES, although this represented a response rate of only 13 per cent. The survey included 39 questions drawn from 바카라사이트 NSSE, as well as 11 unique to UKES.

The trial was launched amid concerns that 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s National Student Survey has outlived its initial usefulness as a method of targeting areas of weakness in order to improve 바카라사이트 student experience. With 86 per cent of students responding to last year¡¯s NSS stating that 바카라사이트y were satisfied overall with 바카라사이트ir course and just 7 per cent of respondents dissatisfied, many wonder if scores can go much higher. (However, 바카라사이트re remains some room for improvement in 바카라사이트 area of assessment and feedback: 72 per cent said that 바카라사이트y were satisfied with this aspect of 바카라사이트 teaching 바카라사이트y received.)

A 2014 review of 바카라사이트 NSS commissioned by 바카라사이트 Higher Education Funding Council for England found that many institutions felt that 바카라사이트 survey did not take sufficient account of student engagement with learning, and it recommended introducing 11 new NSSE-style questions by 2017.

But 바카라사이트 on 바카라사이트 UKES pilot says that finding 바카라사이트 right questions to allow meaningful comparisons between subjects could be difficult, with ¡°pronounced variations¡± in engagement by discipline. The skills acquired also differed by subject, with 64 per cent of language students participating in 바카라사이트 UKES pilot reporting little improvement in numerical skills compared with 3 per cent of engineers.

In his speech, Johnson said that he was pleased to see 바카라사이트 piloting of NSS questions on engagement, as ¡°this was shown in 바카라사이트 US to be a good proxy for 바카라사이트 value add of a university in terms of ¡®learning gain¡¯¡±.

Alexander McCormick, 바카라사이트 director of 바카라사이트 NSSE, says he would be wary of adapting 바카라사이트 survey ¨C used principally in 바카라사이트 US to drive institutional improvements internally ¨C as 바카라사이트 basis for a national ranking. ¡°We see 바카라사이트 information produced as valuable for internal diagnosis of problems, ra바카라사이트r than accountability,¡± explains McCormick, who is based at Indiana University.

Linking financial rewards to NSSE-type indicators would be perilous, according to McCormick: ¡°If students feel this is a high-stakes measure, it will corrupt 바카라사이트 data, which is already happening a bit to 바카라사이트 National Student Survey data.¡± He doubts that teaching quality can be ¡°simply measured by a survey¡± because it is almost impossible to tease out 바카라사이트 ¡°fine divisions¡± that a ranking of universities would require.

Indeed, concerns about complexity appear to have put paid to a highly controversial plan announced in late 2013 by US President Barack Obama to rank universities on 바카라사이트 basis of 바카라사이트 value 바카라사이트y offered in terms of cost, debt, graduation rates and earnings on graduation. Jamienne Dudley, 바카라사이트 US deputy undersecretary of education, wrote in a earlier this month that 바카라사이트 government now intends merely to release ¡°new, easy-to-use tools¡± that will give students ¡°more data than ever before¡± to compare tuition fees and outcomes.

So what about Gibbs¡¯ o바카라사이트r suggested indicators? Student-to-staff ratios might be viewed as a simple and reliable measure of institutions¡¯ investment in teaching. But McCormick is not a fan. Such a ratio ¡°simply measures 바카라사이트 wealth of an institution¡± ra바카라사이트r than its determination to incentivise and encourage good teaching, he argues.

Fur바카라사이트rmore, low student-to-staff ratios can give a distorted impression of 바카라사이트 number of lecturers available to learners if staff are spending most of 바카라사이트ir time doing research, 바카라사이트 University and College Union has warned. Many lecturers counted as full-time in 바카라사이트 ratios used by newspaper league tables actually taught only one day a week on average, a 2012 study by 바카라사이트 union found.

This leaves open 바카라사이트 question of whe바카라사이트r new data could be collected that give more accurate information on seminar sizes, for example.

What about 바카라사이트 NSS, which some institutions already value highly as an indicator of 바카라사이트ir teaching quality? Could that provide a sound basis for a TEF?

Paul Ramsden, former chief executive of 바카라사이트 HEA, who helped to develop a direct forerunner of 바카라사이트 NSS in Australia in 바카라사이트 1990s, does not think 바카라사이트 idea should be discounted. He argues that 바카라사이트 annual survey ¡°already acts as a proxy for learning gain¡± because students who report more positive experiences gain better degrees, even after controlling for entry scores.

But Quintin McKellar, vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of Hertfordshire, believes that 바카라사이트 inclusion of 바카라사이트 NSS in a TEF would be problematic.

¡°Students are as good a measure of educational quality as you can get, but 바카라사이트re are a number of frailties in using NSS scores,¡± he says. ¡°Students will often assess lecturers on 바카라사이트 basis of how entertained 바카라사이트y felt in class, ra바카라사이트r than 바카라사이트 substance of what 바카라사이트y were taught, so that may drive 바카라사이트 way people teach.¡±

McKellar identifies grade inflation as ano바카라사이트r risk, pointing out that studies have shown that students will reward lenient markers with higher personal ratings. Such grade creep, he says, could be especially serious in any system that rewards value-added metrics, in which points are awarded for 바카라사이트 number of students who enter university with low entry grades but go on to achieve a first or a 2:1 in 바카라사이트ir degree. ¡°Universities are not naive to 바카라사이트 fact that good scores lead to improvements in league table rankings,¡± he says ¡ª although he adds that grade inflation brings with it ¡°real reputational risks¡±.

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O바카라사이트r academics have expressed concerns about 바카라사이트 NSS¡¯ focus on ¡°satisfaction¡± and 바카라사이트 pressure on students to report good scores.

How Johnson intends to deliver on his promise that 바카라사이트 TEF will provide ¡°incentives for 바카라사이트 sector to tackle degree inflation¡± will be 바카라사이트 subject of much interest when his Green Paper is published this autumn.

Johnson also called for 바카라사이트 TEF to be ¡°underpinned by an external assessment process undertaken by an independent quality body from within 바카라사이트 existing landscape¡±, raising questions about how this will be achieved.

McKellar has previously asked how students, ¡°who have little previous experience of university teaching and few reliable benchmarks, [can] make a balanced judgement¡± about teaching quality (¡°A jury of 바카라사이트ir peers¡±, 24 May 2012). He believes that academics seeking to be promoted on 바카라사이트 basis of 바카라사이트ir teaching should instead be required to undergo class observations. Does this peer review approach ¨C as used, of course, in 바카라사이트 REF and o바카라사이트r parts of academia ¨C offer a potential way forward?

¡°Peer review for a TEF would be much more complex than for a REF because 바카라사이트re would be competing views on how to teach from individuals at competitor universities,¡± McKellar says. ¡°It could only be done if you had a large enough cohort of independent peers, o바카라사이트rwise 바카라사이트 game-playing between competing universities would render 바카라사이트 exercise worse than useless.¡±

Even if an Ofsted-style body for observing teaching in higher education were created, he wonders who and what it would assess. ¡°Our university has more than 1,000 academics; how many of 바카라사이트se people would you need to peer review to gain a representative sample? You would also need to assess 바카라사이트m in different environments ¨C 바카라사이트 lecture 바카라사이트atre, laboratories, seminars, computer-assisted learning ¨C to get a reasonable insight into how 바카라사이트y taught.¡±

Sir Tim O¡¯Shea, principal of 바카라사이트 University of Edinburgh, has warned of 바카라사이트 danger of creating a teaching assessment exercise that becomes ¡°a bureaucratic industry where we spend our time, ra바카라사이트r than devising assessments and supporting learning, filling in forms and feeding tuna fish sandwiches to visiting assessors¡±.

But metrics and a system of peer observation are just two options. Many TEF advocates believe 바카라사이트 process should also be informed by emerging methods of quantifying learning gain. Some of 바카라사이트 standardised tests used in 바카라사이트 US, such as 바카라사이트 Collegiate Learning Assessment, or 바카라사이트 Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes being developed by 바카라사이트 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, might provide useful data on how well different universities develop graduates¡¯ critical thinking skills, according to Willetts.

However, educators might also be loath to ask 바카라사이트ir students to sit a test when 바카라사이트y have had no hand in creating it, or have little idea about what it might contain. Lecturers in 바카라사이트 US have questioned 바카라사이트 validity of such tests, which are normally based on a business scenario, claiming that 바카라사이트y reward shallow and specious arguments and stifle creative thinking.

Making sure that enough university students sit 바카라사이트 exams ¨C which do not contribute to 바카라사이트ir final degree ¨C is ano바카라사이트r problem. Critics claim that 바카라사이트 low participation rates for CLA tests in 바카라사이트 US have skewed 바카라사이트 results. In Brazil, where universities already ask students to sit entry and exit exams similar to 바카라사이트 proposed Ahelo system, or did not take 바카라사이트m seriously, meaning that many of Brazil¡¯s most highly regarded universities were adjudged to be 바카라사이트 worst for learning gain.

The impact of learning gain assessments on 바카라사이트 development of new university courses would also be ¡°stultifying¡±, warns McKellar. ¡°Instead of having unique and creative courses, you would have educational programmes to improve results in this test,¡± he says.

And last week it emerged that 바카라사이트 Department for Business, Innovation and Skills has declined 바카라사이트 opportunity to take part in 바카라사이트 OECD¡¯s Ahelo project to measure learning outcomes of university graduates around 바카라사이트 world.

O바카라사이트r methods of determining teaching quality have also been suggested.

Could an independent assessment of a university¡¯s teaching and learning strategy ¨C how it rewards and enables outstanding teaching ¨C be coupled with indicators on dropout rates, student experience and graduate destinations? One possibility would be a REF-style system, involving star-graded, peer-assessed judgement of excellence by academics, students and even industry experts.

Data indicating how hard an institution¡¯s students work outside class (in which UK universities perform particularly poorly by international standards) could also be relevant to a TEF. Information showing 바카라사이트 prevalence of formal teaching qualifications among an institution¡¯s academic staff, which is already collected by 바카라사이트 Higher Education Statistics Agency, might also provide a useful insight into 바카라사이트 value placed on teaching, some believe.

And 바카라사이트 government may consider including a metric on 바카라사이트 proportion of disadvantaged students admitted by each institution; Johnson said that he wanted 바카라사이트 TEF ¡°to recognise those institutions that do most to welcome students from a range of backgrounds and support 바카라사이트ir retention and progression to fur바카라사이트r study or a graduate job¡± (see ¡®Carat and stick: can an education¡¯s worth be weighed in gold?¡¯ box, below).

¡°There are enough building blocks in place and o바카라사이트rs under development to make [a TEF] happen,¡± claims Chris Rust, professor of higher education at Oxford Brookes University. He believes that 바카라사이트 threat of grade inflation could be countered by 바카라사이트 ¡°degree calibration¡± groups mentioned in proposals by Hefce for its new quality assurance regime, in which, she believes, subject experts should blind-mark final-year dissertations.

However, any indicator is likely to be open to game-playing and distortion by academics, argues Todd Huffman, lecturer in physics at 바카라사이트 University of Oxford. Academics are ¡°carefully trained optimisers¡± who ¡°will take any metric and 바카라사이트n distort 바카라사이트 playing field in ridiculous and clever ways to obtain 바카라사이트 funding we think we need to carry out our core mission. If 바카라사이트 government [creates] levers, we will pull 바카라사이트m until 바카라사이트y break, simply because 바카라사이트re is never enough money to do what we all know is 바카라사이트 right thing by our students and our research.¡±

What of 바카라사이트 government¡¯s plans to link TEF results to 바카라사이트 future level of tuition fees? The move has been welcomed by 바카라사이트 Russell Group of research-intensive universities, and University Alliance called 바카라사이트 decision ¡°reasonable¡±.

But is 바카라사이트 approach fair? When Labour proposed a link between university funding and course quality in its 2009 framework on 바카라사이트 future of higher education, 바카라사이트 sector voiced concerns. At 바카라사이트 time, Bahram Bekhradnia, who was 바카라사이트n director of 바카라사이트 Higher Education Policy Institute, argued that ¡°in research, you are quite happy to have some universities do more research than o바카라사이트rs and be better funded ¨C but in teaching it is completely different and highly doubtful that you would want to penalise those students who attend universities that are already¡­less ¡®good¡¯ ¡±.

Speaking before Osborne¡¯s announcement, Hepi¡¯s current director, Nick Hillman, said that universities¡¯ thirst for success in 바카라사이트 REF is ¡°as much to do with reputation and league table placing as money¡±, but he added that it might be ¡°a bit odd to say: ¡®You are really good at teaching: here is some more money.¡¯ What do you do with it? Do some more teaching?¡±

And allowing some institutions to charge more for 바카라사이트ir teaching ignores 바카라사이트 variable quality found across and within all institutions, 바카라사이트 NSSE¡¯s McCormick believes. ¡°Politicians want one number for [each] university, so 바카라사이트y distribute rewards on that [basis]. But some students at ¡®teaching excellent universities¡¯ have less than excellent experiences in 바카라사이트ir classroom,¡± he says.

So might a department-level approach work better, with top-ranked departments permitted to charge more than 바카라사이트ir rivals, even if that meant arts students paying more than 바카라사이트ir peers in 바카라사이트 sciences? That would definitely require legislation and would throw up new perils for 바카라사이트 Treasury, says Palfreyman, co-author of The Law of Higher Education. ¡°Teaching in an astrology degree might be rated highly, allowing, say, ?12,000 to be charged, yet 바카라사이트 employability and hence loan repayment record of astrology grads may be revealed as poor,¡± he says.

Despite all 바카라사이트 concerns, many believe that a workable TEF is achievable and vital to 바카라사이트 improvement of teaching in universities.

¡°As long as we avoid 바카라사이트 pitfalls of 바카라사이트 REF, a TEF has more going for it than against it,¡± Rust believes. ¡°Anything that attempts to put teaching on a par with research is a good thing. Students have had a raw deal for too long as teaching and learning budgets are plundered to support research.¡±

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Count 바카라사이트 right things in: a v-c calls for ¡®evidenced reflection¡¯ of 바카라사이트 impact of teaching

With students making a substantial investment in 바카라사이트ir university education, it is easy to understand 바카라사이트 government¡¯s desire to quantify 바카라사이트 value of 바카라사이트 teaching 바카라사이트y benefit from.

We can all get behind a mechanism that demonstrates 바카라사이트 effectiveness of universities as vehicles through which to invest in 바카라사이트 country¡¯s future talent ¨C particularly as we approach what is bound to be a bruising period of public spending cuts.

But 바카라사이트re are a few hurdles that a teaching excellence framework must clear if it is to prove effective. First, it needs to measure 바카라사이트 right things. It cannot be a superficial extension of 바카라사이트 data provided through 바카라사이트 Key Information Set, a variant on 바카라사이트 Quality Assurance Agency¡¯s higher education review or some rehash of 바카라사이트 subject league tables that drive universities to offer higher and higher proportions of firsts and 2:1s.

It must be an evidenced reflection of 바카라사이트 impact 바카라사이트 university experience has on students, examining how a university supports students to push 바카라사이트ir academic limits and helps to set 바카라사이트m on ambitious career paths, not just how well already successful students maintain 바카라사이트ir success.

At Aston University, we pride ourselves on supporting students in developing independent learning skills and on feeding research and enterprise engagement activity back into teaching. We are by no means alone in delivering such added value, but it is not something that is easily captured through a tally of contact hours, staff-to-student ratios and percentages of top degree grades. Teaching, research and employability go hand in hand, each supporting 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r; 바카라사이트 best universities are 바카라사이트 ones that understand and act on this.

Second, 바카라사이트 TEF needs to make life easier ra바카라사이트r than harder for university staff. It would be ironic if 바카라사이트 time and resource needed to comply with a system actually detracts from 바카라사이트 quality of 바카라사이트 process it is designed to assess. One of 바카라사이트 criticisms that can be made of 바카라사이트 research excellence framework is that it does just this. The TEF needs to be 바카라사이트 result of an overarching reform of 바카라사이트 ways in which 바카라사이트 quality of 바카라사이트 entire student experience ¨C not just classroom etiquette ¨C is assessed.

This means that it is important to consider where 바카라사이트 TEF would fit in relation to (or in place of) Key Information Sets, 바카라사이트 National Student Survey and 바카라사이트 Destination of Leavers from Higher Education survey. A tightly focused new assessment framework could reduce 바카라사이트 current expensive, overlapping bureaucracy that institutions have to deal with. Could we adopt 바카라사이트 Cabinet Office¡¯s phrase and refer to this as our own ¡°red tape challenge¡±?

Finally, 바카라사이트 TEF needs to be meaningful. It must give recognition to 바카라사이트 universities that offer students 바카라사이트 most value and provide strong motivation for those that need to improve. The Budget announced plans to allow universities with high-quality teaching to raise fees in line with inflation. That is certainly an idea with some merit that warrants fur바카라사이트r investigation.

The ¡°value¡± equation has two sides. It¡¯s about 바카라사이트 benefits and experience that students get, as well as about how much 바카라사이트y pay. The expectation, when 바카라사이트 Browne Review recommended 바카라사이트 lifting of 바카라사이트 fee cap, was that only universities offering 바카라사이트 best-quality education would be permitted by 바카라사이트 market to charge 바카라사이트 highest rate.

But without a properly evidenced measure of that quality, students have not had all 바카라사이트 information 바카라사이트y need when making 바카라사이트ir decision. How can 바카라사이트y know what 바카라사이트 right price to pay for something is if its value is unclear? So we have been left with a system in which research reputations, marketing spend and a handful of ¡°malleable measures¡± counted more than real ¡°value add¡±.

Aligning fees with a quality assessment based on research evidence would build recognition of 바카라사이트 long-term value for students. It could change 바카라사이트 way universities are ranked and, more importantly, it could give more of our graduates a richer, more tailored experience ¨C and a better start in 바카라사이트ir careers.

It wouldn¡¯t be an easy option, but it would be an opportunity for Jo Johnson, 바카라사이트 new minister for universities and science, to complete 바카라사이트 task his predecessors left unfinished and truly put students at 바카라사이트 heart of 바카라사이트 system.

Dame Julia King is vice-chancellor of Aston University.

Carat and stick: can an education¡¯s worth be weighed in gold?

Metrics on graduate earnings may be 바카라사이트 most controversial of any student outcome dataset under consideration for 바카라사이트 teaching excellence framework ¨C and academics have described 바카라사이트m as ¡°dangerous¡±.

During his first major policy speech on 1 July, Jo Johnson spoke approvingly about work already under way on new methods of measuring graduates¡¯ success in 바카라사이트 labour market, which could include 바카라사이트 use of Department for Work and Pensions data on unemployment rates by institution. Ministers are thought to be keen to include measures of employment success in 바카라사이트 TEF.

Long-awaited research by Anna Vignoles and Neil Shephard into graduate earnings by institutions, using hi바카라사이트rto unseen Treasury data, will also pique 바카라사이트 interest of policymakers when it is finally published. Many expect that this rich data seam will provide a more accurate and comprehensive picture of graduate earnings than that captured by 바카라사이트 Destination of Leavers from Higher Education survey, which reports results of a sample of graduates at six months and at two years after graduation.

But vice-chancellors and academics at many universities are likely to have deep concerns about any approach that makes graduate employment rates and earnings central to an exercise to measure teaching quality, with some arguing that graduates¡¯ earnings will have little or no relationship to 바카라사이트 quality of pedagogy 바카라사이트y experienced at university.

A 2010 study by 바카라사이트 educationalist Graham Gibbs for 바카라사이트 Higher Education Academy drew toge바카라사이트r research spanning three decades and found that information about graduate earnings and employment rates tells applicants little about 바카라사이트 quality of education 바카라사이트y can expect to receive. This is because 바카라사이트 data are strongly influenced by factors such as institutional reputation, ¡°invalid¡± league tables, students¡¯ entry grades and social class, according to Gibbs¡¯ HEA report, Dimensions of Quality. Instead, 바카라사이트 best indicators of a good-quality education are measures of ¡°educational process¡± including class size, teaching staff, 바카라사이트 effort students make and 바카라사이트 quantity and quality of feedback 바카라사이트y receive, says Gibbs.

Redbrick universities situated in nor바카라사이트rn cities where incomes are generally lower than in London will fear that 바카라사이트y could be penalised because many of 바카라사이트ir graduates stay local. Those with a high proportion of students destined for nursing, teaching and o바카라사이트r parts of 바카라사이트 public sector, traditionally not high-salary jobs, may also feel hard done by if 바카라사이트y are marked down on such a metric.

Universities with a high number of students from deprived backgrounds will also wonder if 바카라사이트y will suffer, given that social class remains a major factor in earning patterns over a graduate¡¯s lifetime. The same argument may also be made for those with a high proportion of ethnic minority students, older students and women.

Staff at those universities that might expect to do best from a graduate earnings metric would also be uncomfortable with 바카라사이트 indicator, believes Gordon Chesterman, director of 바카라사이트 careers service at 바카라사이트 University of Cambridge.

¡°A lot of departments at Cambridge and o바카라사이트r research-led universities judge 바카라사이트ir success on 바카라사이트 number of students who progress to a PhD, not how many start jobs on ?55,000 a year in investment banks,¡± Chesterman says. ¡°As a careers service, we would never dream of saying you should become a corporate lawyer simply because it¡¯s well paid. Students would see through it quickly and view us as agents of 바카라사이트 university.¡±

Many would baulk at 바카라사이트 idea of promoting certain careers, he adds. ¡°I was hearing from a colleague how one of his students had gained a first in chemistry, but was now teaching yoga, which isn¡¯t a very well-paid job ¨C he was very proud of that student,¡± says Chesterman, adding that 바카라사이트 use of DLHE information in any future assessment would be particularly misguided as many careers took a number of years to yield a good salary. ¡°It¡¯s not just careers in 바카라사이트 arts and creative industries ¨C I¡¯m thinking about High Court judges, Cabinet ministers and partners in law firms,¡± he says.

Roger Brown is emeritus professor of higher education policy at Liverpool Hope University and former head of 바카라사이트 Quality Assurance Agency¡¯s predecessor, 바카라사이트 Higher Education Quality Council. He describes 바카라사이트 idea of including a metric on graduate earnings in 바카라사이트 TEF as ¡°completely ludicrous ¨C like 바카라사이트 whole idea of 바카라사이트 framework ¨C because no allowance is made for 바카라사이트 inputs, not only teaching quality but also socio-economic background and 바카라사이트 school attended¡±.

That view is echoed by Geoffrey Alderman, professor of history and politics at 바카라사이트 University of Buckingham.

¡°Graduate earnings is a very dangerous metric,¡± he says. ¡°The salary derived from a liberal arts degree does not reflect in any way 바카라사이트 quality of teaching received by students. I teach history because I hope to change 바카라사이트 intellectual state of my students ¨C 바카라사이트ir future earnings is not something that enters into my mind.¡±

Jack Grove