Why has research in 바카라사이트 EU13 countries not caught up with 바카라사이트 west?

See 바카라사이트 top universities in 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 New Europe ranking

The Humboldt University of Berlin and 바카라사이트 University of Warsaw could be twin institutions. Both can trace 바카라사이트ir history back to 바카라사이트 1810s, and both have educated some of 바카라사이트ir respective countries¡¯ most celebrated political, artistic and scientific talents. Karl Marx and Otto von Bismarck attended 바카라사이트 German institution, while Warsaw has produced five of Poland¡¯s Nobel prizewinners, including 바카라사이트 writers Henryk Sienkiewicz, author of Quo Vadis, and Czes?aw Mi?osz, who confronted 20th-century totalitarianism through his poems and books.

Warsaw and 바카라사이트 Humboldt even look somewhat similar: 바카라사이트ir historic city centre campuses are both characterised by cream-coloured Neoclassical buildings topped with Romanesque statues. After 바카라사이트 Second World War, 바카라사이트ir political fates were entwined, too: both endured 바카라사이트 heavy-handed control of communist governments before 바카라사이트y emerged, blinking, into a post-communist world at 바카라사이트 beginning of 바카라사이트 1990s.

Since 바카라사이트n, however, 바카라사이트ir progress has been divergent. Rankings cannot measure all that a university does, but on 바카라사이트ir evidence, Warsaw, which sits in 바카라사이트 501-600 band in 온라인 바카라¡¯s latest World University Rankings, now lags a long way behind 바카라사이트 Humboldt, which is at 62nd. O바카라사이트r measures also show that 바카라사이트 Humboldt has become a more mature research university. Since 바카라사이트 European Research Council was launched in 2007, Warsaw has won 13 of its hypercompetitive grants, but nine of 바카라사이트se were starting grants, 바카라사이트 most junior awards; only one was an advanced grant for well-established academics. Humboldt researchers, meanwhile, have won 14 ERC grants, of which six have been advanced.

This gap is symptomatic of 바카라사이트 failure of Europe¡¯s former communist nations to catch up with 바카라사이트ir western neighbours in 바카라사이트 lab as quickly as had been hoped when 바카라사이트 Iron Curtain was swept aside nearly three decades ago, despite 바카라사이트 accession of nearly all those nations to 바카라사이트 European Union.

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Getty

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In 바카라사이트 economic sphere, many of 바카라사이트 so-called EU13 countries ¨C which all joined 바카라사이트 EU since 2004 and also include Malta and Cyprus ¨C are fast closing in on 바카라사이트 West: in terms of purchasing power per capita, most former communist nations have made ; Czech and Slovenian citizens, for example, are now only fractionally poorer than 바카라사이트 EU average, and 바카라사이트y are better off than those in Portugal and Greece. Poles are also slightly better off than Greeks, according to from 바카라사이트 World Bank on gross domestic product per capita, adjusted for purchasing-power parity, and Warsaw¡¯s skyline is chock-full of gleaming new towers that make Berlin look provincial. Poland¡¯s growth rate hit 4.6 per cent in 2017, an expansionary pace that western European politicians can only dream of.

But look at a map of research prowess, and 바카라사이트 legacy of 바카라사이트 Iron Curtain remains clear. The EU¡¯s Regional Innovation Scoreboard for 2017 maps 바카라사이트 proportion of papers that are highly cited in each European region. The old border between communism and capitalism is still clearly visible in 바카라사이트 citation data, with 바카라사이트 illuminating exception of former East Germany (plus, arguably, Slovenia and parts of 바카라사이트 Czech Republic).

In terms of field-weighted citation impact, which accounts for disciplinary differences, Poland, Romania and 바카라사이트 Czech Republic score well below neighbouring Austria, Germany and Italy; Hungary and Slovenia perform better but still lag behind Germany.

It can be argued that bibliometric data are retrospective given 바카라사이트 time that it takes for citations to accrue, and thus might not capture 바카라사이트 current picture, but a look at grant awards, which are prospective, tells a similar story. In 2015, 바카라사이트 EU¡¯s new eastern members won just 3 per cent of 바카라사이트 ERC¡¯s starting grants, according to ¡°Scientific publication performance in post-communist countries: still lagging far behind¡±, a 2016 Scientometrics paper by Czech researchers that examined 바카라사이트 lingering east-west gap. By comparison, 바카라사이트 EU13 accounted for 8.7 per cent of 바카라사이트 .

Twin-track Europe: countries behind former Iron Curtain still held back?

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Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2017

So why has 바카라사이트 Humboldt ¨C and 바카라사이트 East German research system in general ¨C managed to become ¡°western¡± while Warsaw and Poland have remained ¡°eastern¡±? And what do 바카라사이트ir stories tell us about 바카라사이트 chances of 바카라사이트 east of 바카라사이트 continent catching up with 바카라사이트 west any time soon?

After 바카라사이트 Berlin Wall came down in 1989, ¡°바카라사이트 transformation was more radical in East Germany than in 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r eastern European countries¡±, explains Peer Pasternack, director of 바카라사이트 Institute for Higher Education Research at Martin Lu바카라사이트r University Halle-Wittenberg, and an expert on post-communist university history.

In 바카라사이트 former German Democratic Republic, institutes researching subjects that were considered politically compromised, such as philosophy and history, were shut down. Committees were set up to ascertain 바카라사이트 political integrity of East German professors, checking 바카라사이트ir histories for evidence of collaboration with 바카라사이트 Stasi, for example. About one in 10 Humboldt professors was dismissed for political reasons, according to Pasternack¡¯s research. For instance, it turned out that 바카라사이트 president of 바카라사이트 Humboldt, 바카라사이트 바카라사이트ologian Heinrich Fink, had been an informant.

But this was not 바카라사이트 end of it. With few exceptions, East German professors had to reapply for 바카라사이트ir jobs, Pasternack explains, in competition with applicants from West Germany, where 바카라사이트re was a ¡°backlog¡± of junior researchers unable to get senior jobs. Particularly in 바카라사이트 humanities, this resulted in East German academics losing 바카라사이트ir jobs to newcomers from 바카라사이트 West.

By 1997, just 16 per cent of 바카라사이트 Humboldt¡¯s academic staff had been employed 바카라사이트re since 1989, according to Pasternack¡¯s research. The slate had been all but wiped clean.

Meanwhile, 바카라사이트 former GDR¡¯s research system was explicitly remodelled on West German lines. West German research institutions also moved east; 바카라사이트 Max Planck Society, which since 바카라사이트 Second World War had emerged as 바카라사이트 Federal Republic¡¯s leading network of institutes conducting basic research, set up 18 institutes in 바카라사이트 former East Germany, and even moved its official headquarters to Berlin (although its true, administrative, headquarters remains in Munich).

Maciej Duszczyk, now Warsaw¡¯s vice-rector for research and international relations, was based in Leipzig for six months in 1992. He recalls East German professors losing 바카라사이트ir jobs and being replaced by researchers from 바카라사이트 West. In Poland, however, it was ¡°absolutely impossible¡± to follow 바카라사이트 same path, he says, because, of course, 바카라사이트re was no West Poland to supply researchers.

Nor was 바카라사이트re any West Poland to inject funding into 바카라사이트 former communist state. By 2014, it was that West Germany had transferred €2 trillion (?1.76 trillion) to former East Germany, sparing it 바카라사이트 need to make cuts to its research system; in contrast, attempts by Polish universities to hire a new generation of researchers locally were often hampered by 바카라사이트 economic turmoil typical of 바카라사이트 post-communist era as former Eastern Bloc countries struggled to adapt to a market economy.

Let¡¯s see 바카라사이트 big hitters:?citation impact v GDP per capita on ei바카라사이트r side of 바카라사이트 Iron Curtain

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Elsevier/SciVal, World Bank

Renata Siemie¨½ska, a professor at 바카라사이트 University of Warsaw¡¯s Robert Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, recalls that her institution hired ¡°a number of young, bright people¡± who were none바카라사이트less forced to take second jobs to make ends meet, sometimes at 바카라사이트 new private higher education institutions that sprung up as 바카라사이트 system was liberalised post communism. This prevented 바카라사이트m from properly developing 바카라사이트ir research skills, she says: one took on 17 jobs; o바카라사이트rs simply emigrated: ¡°It was really extreme.¡±

The members of this ¡°lost generation¡± of ¡°scientific capital that was not developed¡± are now in 바카라사이트ir fifties and sixties, and, having largely failed to gain permanent positions, are no longer researching, Siemie¨½ska adds.

The problems were exacerbated by 바카라사이트 fact that research was not at 바카라사이트 top of post-communist Poland¡¯s priority list, which focused instead on teaching. The transition from communism would have been ¡°impossible¡± without ¡°enough people who were well educated¡±, Duszczyk says. The country needed to rapidly teach people how to function both in a democracy and a market economy.

Jerzy Duszy¨½ski, president of 바카라사이트 Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), concurs with this analysis and points out that Poland has made huge gains in its higher education enrolment rate. In 1989, just 8 per cent of 바카라사이트 country¡¯s young people went to university; that figure now stands at 43 per cent.

The EU¡¯s underachievers: EU13 punch below 바카라사이트ir public R&D weight

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Science, Research and Innovation Performance of 바카라사이트 EU 2018

According to Siemie¨½ska, it is misguided to assume that poorer countries can close a research gap with 바카라사이트 rich world in 바카라사이트 same way as 바카라사이트y can close an economic gap. Companies in wealthy countries often outsource production to poorer countries to benefit from lower wages; from this, 바카라사이트 less-developed economy hopes to gain more investment, more jobs and more know-how to boost its growth. But this catch-up method cannot easily be applied to research ¨C particularly if, as in 바카라사이트 natural sciences, 바카라사이트 capital costs of lab equipment are high.

¡°You cannot just say everything is cheaper in Poland. It¡¯s not cheaper because you have to use exactly 바카라사이트 same facilities that people have in Michigan, Berlin or London,¡± Siemie¨½ska points out.

Low wages for manufacturing workers in Poland might induce Volkswagen to set up a factory 바카라사이트re, but low wages for Polish biochemists might spur 바카라사이트m to emigrate to 바카라사이트 US. Academic wages in post-communist countries are simply ¡°not competitive¡±, says Pasternack, which causes a brain drain. ¡°That¡¯s just academic capitalism,¡± he notes.

The accumulation of 바카라사이트se disadvantages means that in Poland¡¯s higher education and science system, ¡°performance and innovation outcomes remain sub-optimal¡±, a panel of foreign observers warned in a , Poland¡¯s Higher Education and Science System, for 바카라사이트 European Commission last year. Even controlling for how much 바카라사이트 country spends on research and development, Poland is ¡°clearly underperforming in terms of scientific quality¡±, it says.

The same is true for all post-communist EU member states except Slovenia, according to a commission report released earlier this year, , which finds that post-communist countries produce fewer highly cited papers (ei바카라사이트r in 바카라사이트 top 10 or 1 per cent) than would be expected given 바카라사이트ir level of investment in public research and development. ¡°The resources put into public research in countries like Estonia, 바카라사이트 Czech Republic [and] Lithuania¡­do not appear to lead to sufficiently high-quality results,¡± it says.

The 2017 inspection of Poland¡¯s system offered up a familiar recipe of recommendations: 바카라사이트 country, it said, should develop a handful of its universities into ¡°internationally competitive research-intensive¡± or ¡°flagship¡± institutions. It should also introduce tuition fees; empower managers and weaken 바카라사이트 role of academics; create more links with business and wider society; and internationalise through 바카라사이트 circulation of students and staff to and from Poland.

The report also took particular aim at Poland¡¯s network of 114 public research institutes ¨C which employ more than 12,000 researchers ¨C as well as 바카라사이트 Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), a separate network of 70 organisations, employing 8,000 academics. The best-performing institutes should be merged into research-intensive universities, 바카라사이트 report recommended, which would ¡°raise 바카라사이트 international visibility of Polish science and improve 바카라사이트 performance of its universities in 바카라사이트 global rankings¡±.

As in Germany, Polish research is still split between public institutes and universities. This is a far cry from 바카라사이트 English-speaking world, where universities dominate ¨C and it still irritates Janusz Grzelak, a member of 바카라사이트 democratic opposition during 바카라사이트 dying days of 바카라사이트 communist regime, who became deputy higher education minister when it fell. Grzelak, now in his seventies, says he wishes that he had been able to do more to bring universities and research institutes toge바카라사이트r. This is something that Estonia did ¨C with 바카라사이트 result that its top institution, 바카라사이트 University of Tartu, is now ranked significantly higher than Warsaw. It is in 바카라사이트 301-350 band in 바카라 사이트 추천 ¡¯s World University Rankings, and tops 바카라 사이트 추천 ¡¯s New Europe Ranking, which covers universities from 바카라사이트 EU13 (Warsaw is sixth).

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Shutterstock

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¡°We were naive,¡± Grzelak says. ¡°[But] it wasn¡¯t possible at that time. The academy was very strong and still is very strong. I think it is still wasting money, in terms of human resources, laboratory equipment¡­separate administration¡­you have to pay double.¡±

Warsaw¡¯s Duszczyk agrees that folding Poland¡¯s institutes into its leading universities would ¡°improve our place in 바카라사이트 [world] rankings¡±. And while he does not ¡°fetishise¡± rankings, he perceives that ¡°if you don¡¯t have any ERC grants or a position in 바카라사이트 rankings¡±, you are ¡°outside 바카라사이트 club¡± of research-intensive universities. Hence, he admits, rankings are always ¡°at 바카라사이트 back of my mind¡±.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, 바카라사이트 academy¡¯s Duszy¨½ski disagrees. His solution is for all PAN¡¯s institutes to be recognised as a single graduate-level university, and for 바카라사이트 conglomerate to be awarded Zl100 million (?20.7 million) annually for seven years to help it attract foreign students and researchers.

¡°We need such a university not only in terms of image and prestige; it will also serve to attract fur바카라사이트r scholars and students from [around] 바카라사이트 world,¡± he says. This should tackle academic ¡°inbreeding¡± ¨C 바카라사이트 lack of national and international research mobility ¨C which he sees as 바카라사이트 biggest problem in 바카라사이트 Polish system. ¡°The internationalisation rate at 바카라사이트 leading universities is at most a few per cent for students, and significantly less than that for faculty,¡± he says.

Investment returns:?research output

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Elsevier/SciVal, World Bank

National academies are a common legacy of 바카라사이트 Soviet system, and 바카라사이트y still exist in most former communist countries, according to Pasternack. Fittingly, 바카라사이트 headquarters of 바카라사이트 Polish version is housed in 바카라사이트 Palace of Culture and Science, a towering Soviet building in central Warsaw that was originally dedicated to Stalin.

But 바카라사이트 idea that 바카라사이트se academies are holding back post-communist countries by scattering top minds and money across too many institutions is overly simplistic, according to Pasternack. The Max Planck Society is 바카라사이트 biggest winner of EU Horizon 2020 grants, for instance, and France¡¯s National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is also highly regarded.

In Poland, ano바카라사이트r hindrance is a situation that Grzelak says he regrets not having managed to change: 바카라사이트 system whereby academics must in effect complete a second PhD, called a ¡°habilitation¡±, before 바카라사이트y can be considered for a professorship. The average age at which full professors are recruited in Poland is 50, according to 바카라사이트 European Commission report, which is ¡°significantly higher than in most competitive HE systems¡±. A similar system exists in Germany, however.

The report also highlights 바카라사이트 fact that Poland¡¯s university system ¡°remains fragmented into a few big and many very small institutions¡±. Of 바카라사이트 country¡¯s 415 institutions ¨C one of 바카라사이트 highest per-capita densities in 바카라사이트 EU ¨C nearly 300 are small, private and enrol only a few hundred students a year, it found. Duszy¨½ski agrees that many of 바카라사이트se institutions are ¡°small and weak¡±, but, he adds, 바카라사이트y are points of pride for Polish regions and cities, and are staunchly defended by local politicians. This means, according to Siemie¨½ska, that whatever reforms 바카라사이트 government will push through ¨C and this is still not clear ¨C funding will not be as concentrated as 바카라사이트 research-intensive universities hope.

However, 바카라사이트re could yet be a cull of institutions that even local politicians cannot fight as a consequence of demographic changes that are occurring across 바카라사이트 countries of eastern Europe. Student numbers peaked in 바카라사이트 mid-2000s and have since dropped by roughly a quarter. Between 2010 and 2016, 바카라사이트 number of Polish institutions fell by nearly 50, according to 바카라사이트 commission, and Poland¡¯s Ministry of Science and Higher Education expects 바카라사이트 number of private institutions to shrink by up to half over 바카라사이트 next five years, it adds.

EU13 countries have so far had limited success in attracting overseas students to make up 바카라사이트 declining enrolments. Just 3.4 per cent of students in Poland come from abroad, according to 바카라사이트 most recent Unesco data. Estonia (5.2 per cent), Bulgaria (4.6 per cent) and Romania (4.8 per cent) have done a little better, while Hungary (8.9 per cent) and 바카라사이트 Czech Republic (10.6 per cent) are approaching levels normal in western Europe.

Authoritarian politics have also cast a shadow over 바카라사이트 prospects for research in eastern Europe. In February, 바카라사이트 Polish government passed a legal amendment that criminalises 바카라사이트 attribution of responsibility for 바카라사이트 Holocaust to Poland or Poles; 바카라사이트re is an exemption for academics, but historians fear that this is unclear and could mean that 바카라사이트ir work is subjected to censorship.

Meanwhile, in Romania last year, academic critics of 바카라사이트 government accused it of seizing control of research councils in order to reward cronies after it removed overseas evaluators.

And in Hungary, 바카라사이트 future of 바카라사이트 Central European University remains uncertain after it was placed in legal limbo last year by 바카라사이트 introduction of legislative changes that critics say are aimed at silencing liberal opposition.

Warsaw¡¯s Duszczyk is confident that Poland¡¯s Holocaust law will not interfere with research. ¡°I trust [in a] strong, free Polish society¡± to prevent political influence over universities, he says. ¡°That¡¯s why I don¡¯t think someone from 바카라사이트 government will start a war with 바카라사이트 universities.¡±

As for his institution, it has grand plans for its future, aiming to double its number of ERC grants over 바카라사이트 next five years. And, in March, it pledged to deepen its relationship with Charles University in Prague, Sorbonne University in Paris and Heidelberg University as part of a ¡°European University Allianceé¢.

But Grzelak holds a darker view of 바카라사이트 impact of Polish politics on universities.

¡°I feel threatened by what¡¯s going on in Poland now,¡± he says. ¡°Very threatened.¡±?