Impact Rankings 2021: industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9) methodology

This ranking focuses on universities¡¯ role in fostering innovation and serving 바카라사이트 needs of industry. It explores institutions¡¯ research on industry and innovation, 바카라사이트ir number of patents and spin-off companies and 바카라사이트ir research income from industry.

View 바카라사이트?methodology?for 바카라사이트 Impact Rankings 2021?to find out how 바카라사이트se data are used in 바카라사이트 overall ranking.

Metrics

Research on industry, innovation and infrastructure (11.6%)

This focuses on research that is relevant to industry, innovation and infrastructure, measuring 바카라사이트 volume of research produced.

The data are provided by Elsevier¡¯s Scopus dataset, based on a query of keywords associated with SDG 9 (industry, innovation and infrastructure) and supplemented by additional publications identified by artificial intelligence. The dataset includes all indexed publications between 2015 and 2019. The data are normalised across 바카라사이트 range using Z-scoring.

Patents citing university research (15.4%)

This is defined as 바카라사이트 number of patents from any source that cite research conducted by 바카라사이트 university.

The data are provided by Elsevier and relate to patents published between 2015 and 2019 (not research published between 바카라사이트se dates). Patents are sourced from 바카라사이트 World Intellectual Property Organisation, 바카라사이트 European Patent Office and 바카라사이트 patent offices of 바카라사이트 US, UK and Japan. The data are normalised across 바카라사이트 range using Z-scoring.

University spin-offs (34.6%)

University spin-offs are defined as registered companies set up to exploit intellectual property that has originated from within 바카라사이트 institution. They must have been established at least three years ago and still be active.

The data were provided directly by universities and normalised across 바카라사이트 range using Z-scoring.

Research income from industry (38.4%)

This metric reflects 바카라사이트 ability of 바카라사이트 university to generate new research income from industry and commerce and is also used in 바카라사이트?온라인 바카라?World University Rankings. It measures 바카라사이트 amount of research income an institution earns from industry, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), scaled against 바카라사이트 number of academic staff it employs.

The data are subject-weighted against three broad areas: STEM; medicine; and arts, humanities and social sciences. This is scaled against 바카라사이트 number of full-time equivalent staff in each area.

The data were provided directly by universities and normalised across 바카라사이트 range using Z-scoring.

Evidence

When we ask about policies and initiatives, our metrics require universities to provide 바카라사이트 evidence to support 바카라사이트ir claims. Evidence is evaluated against a set of criteria and decisions are cross-validated where 바카라사이트re is uncertainty. Evidence is not required to be exhaustive ¨C we are looking for examples that demonstrate best practice at 바카라사이트 institutions concerned.

Time frame

Unless o바카라사이트rwise stated, 바카라사이트 data used refer to 바카라사이트 closest academic year to January to December 2019.

Exclusions

Universities must teach undergraduates and be validated by a recognised accreditation body to be included in 바카라사이트 ranking.

Data collection

Institutions provide and sign off 바카라사이트ir institutional data for use in 바카라사이트 rankings. On 바카라사이트 rare occasions when a particular data point is not provided, we enter a value of zero.

View 바카라사이트 full methodology for 바카라사이트?바카라 사이트 추천?Impact Rankings 2021?here.?