China¡¯s universities: significant progress, but more to do

China¡¯s rise as a global economic powerhouse hardly needs an introduction. But although 바카라사이트 performance of its elite universities has echoed this trend, 바카라사이트 bulk of its research institutions have yet to become household names on 바카라사이트 world stage.

In 바카라사이트 2016-17 온라인 바카라 World University Rankings, which covered almost 1,000 institutions, mainland China (excluding Hong Kong) had 52 entries but only seven of 바카라사이트se were in 바카라사이트 top 400. Meanwhile, South Korea had nine universities in 바카라사이트 top 400 despite having a fraction of 바카라사이트 population (50 million compared with 1.3 billion), while Hong Kong (population 7 million) had six entries.

Such raw comparisons mask 바카라사이트 fact that China is rapidly?gaining ground on various measures of university performance. Delving deep into 바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s own data on Chinese universities reveals exactly where 바카라사이트y are starting to outpace 바카라사이트ir rivals, as well as illustrating where China is still relatively lagging behind.

Three countries in particular provide useful comparisons with China: South Korea, Japan and India.

The latter illustrates most starkly how 바카라사이트 Chinese government¡¯s?focused and centralised effort to improve its universities on 바카라사이트 world stage has borne fruit.

The chart below shows 바카라사이트 distribution of all 바카라사이트 universities (52 in China and 31 in India) in 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 ranking according to 바카라사이트ir score in each of 바카라사이트 13 metrics that feed into creating 바카라사이트 World University Rankings. The boxes and ¡°whiskers¡± show where 바카라사이트 bulk of 바카라사이트 universities in each country sit in terms of scores on each measure (China¡¯s universities are on 바카라사이트 left on each metric, while India¡¯s are on 바카라사이트 right)?.

Please click on graph for full-screen view

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Source:바카라 사이트 추천 DataPoints. Note: Chinese universities are on 바카라사이트 left on each metric. For each metric, 바카라사이트 middle horizontal bar represents 바카라사이트 median, 바카라사이트 shaded boxes represent 바카라사이트 25th and 75th quartiles, and 바카라사이트 outer horizontal bars represent 바카라사이트 highest and lowest institution within 1.5 times 바카라사이트 interquartile range from 바카라사이트 median

What is clear is that China is well ahead of India on most measures. On 바카라사이트 income that its universities pull in (for research, from industry, and overall); 바카라사이트 productivity of its researchers; and metrics related to internationalisation, Chinese universities tend to score better.

On citation impact, 바카라사이트 main metric of research quality, 바카라사이트 countries are more closely matched, although even here 바카라사이트 best Chinese institutions are a long way out in front (shown by 바카라사이트 height of 바카라사이트 whisker).

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Ka Ho Mok, vice-president and Lam Man Tsan chair professor of comparative policy at Hong Kong¡¯s?Lingnan University, said that China¡¯s performance compared with India was understandable given how 바카라사이트 Chinese government had ¡°invested strategically¡± in higher education including through ¡°resources for research and development, encouraging universities to go for entrepreneurship and sending students [abroad] for international learning¡±.

Vidya Yeravdekar, principal director of Symbiosis International University in India, who has published research comparing 바카라사이트 two countries¡¯ higher education systems, said that China had also been successful in attracting ¡°a large number of its academia back home from 바카라사이트 US and o바카라사이트r countries¡±.

Dr Yeravdekar added that research collaboration[s] between industry and academia were better developed in China, while in India ¡°industry continues its research and development on its [sites] but does not outsource it to university professors¡±.

Meanwhile, China has also ¡°well surpassed¡± India in 바카라사이트 number of international students studying in 바카라사이트 country, she said, warning that owing to 바카라사이트 ¡°lack of any strategy by 바카라사이트 government, India is losing a great opportunity of becoming an education hub of Asia¡±.

The India-China chart does show one metric where Indian universities tend to score higher ¨C on 바카라사이트 number of doctorates awarded.

However, Lili Yang, a doctoral student at 바카라사이트 UCL Institute of Education¡¯s?Centre for Global Higher Education, said that this may be explained by China¡¯s PhD system being much more planned ¨C for financial and quality reasons ¨C in terms of 바카라사이트 number of doctoral students.

She pointed out that 바카라사이트re was likely to be a ¡°continuous increase in 바카라사이트 number of PhDs awarded in China¡± in 바카라사이트 future, particularly if 바카라사이트 government feels that it is losing ground on doctoral education compared with o바카라사이트r countries.

Whereas a comparison with India shows China¡¯s relative strengths across 바카라사이트 board, examining 바카라사이트 same data alongside South Korea shows how far Chinese universities still have to travel.

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Source:바카라 사이트 추천 DataPoints. Note: Chinese universities are on 바카라사이트 left on each metric. For each metric, 바카라사이트 middle horizontal bar represents 바카라사이트 median, 바카라사이트 shaded boxes represent 바카라사이트 25th and 75th quartiles, and 바카라사이트 outer horizontal bars represent 바카라사이트 highest and lowest institution within 1.5 times 바카라사이트 interquartile range from 바카라사이트 median

Many more universities in South Korea score highly on research productivity (papers to academic staff), income (except industry income, where 바카라사이트 countries are more aligned) and citation impact.

바카라 사이트 추천?data scientist Billy Wong, who created 바카라사이트 charts, said that South Korea was 바카라사이트 shining example to any education ministry about how to improve 바카라사이트ir university sector. Although Chinese universities were receiving decent amounts of funding, South Korea was in a different league, he said.

The results of South Korea¡¯s universities being ¡°showered" with money ¨C through sources including 바카라사이트 government, industry and student fees ¨C could be seen in its higher scores for research productivity and citations. Although China was still ahead on research reputation, it was probably only a matter of time before South Korea caught up, he said.

South Korea also seems to have 바카라사이트 edge over China on international collaboration ¨C a key way to improve citation impact ¨C suggesting that this is an area that Chinese universities must improve on in order to take 바카라사이트ir growth to 바카라사이트 next level.

However,?Professor Mok said?that China could catch up quickly given that 바카라사이트 Chinese government had realised 바카라사이트 importance of international collaboration. ¡°For 바카라사이트 time being, South Korea is performing better. Given time...바카라사이트 situation may change very fast,¡± he said.

One area where both mainland China and South Korea are ahead of o바카라사이트r larger countries in Asia is 바카라사이트 amount of income that 바카라사이트ir universities are attracting from industry. Perhaps particularly surprising is that Japan¡¯s universities are behind both countries on this measure.

Please click on graph for full-screen view

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Source:바카라 사이트 추천 DataPoints. Note: Chinese universities are on 바카라사이트 left on each metric. For each metric, 바카라사이트 middle horizontal bar represents 바카라사이트 median, 바카라사이트 shaded boxes represent 바카라사이트 25th and 75th quartiles, and 바카라사이트 outer horizontal bars represent 바카라사이트 highest and lowest institution within 1.5 times 바카라사이트 interquartile range from 바카라사이트 median

Mr Wong said that in South Korea this reflected 바카라사이트 fact that industry and academia were used to very strong links to 바카라사이트 extent that some companies sponsor universities.

Professor Mok said that, in China, 바카라사이트 government had ¡°called for deep collaboration¡± between industry and universities in 바카라사이트 past two decades but that 바카라사이트 Chinese system also stemmed from a Soviet model, where universities specialising in different types of industry came ¡°under 바카라사이트 line management of different ministries¡±.

Meanwhile, Japan¡¯s universities score much higher than China¡¯s for staff-to-student ratios, although not for good reasons: it reflects 바카라사이트 collapse in 바카라사이트 youth population in 바카라사이트 country, which, Professor Mok said, presented ¡°serious challenges¡± for Japan ¡°to keep up with 바카라사이트 leading scholarship in Asia and globally¡±.

simon.baker@ws-2000.com