German excellence strategy ¡®risks creating closed social elite¡¯

Germany, long regarded internationally as 바카라사이트 leading model of an egalitarian higher education system, risks creating a far more exclusive and impenetrable political and business elite by funnelling money and status towards a select few ¡°excellent¡± universities, one of 바카라사이트 nation¡¯s most prominent sociologists has warned.

Michael Hartmann, a regular commentator in 바카라사이트 German press on inequality and elites, fears that 바카라사이트 country¡¯s excellence strategy could lead to a concentration of power in 바카라사이트 hands of graduates of a select few institutions, replicating 바카라사이트 dominance of 바카라사이트 Ivy League in 바카라사이트 US or 바카라사이트 grandes ¨¦coles in France.

¡°The creation of ¡®excellent¡¯ universities will probably increase 바카라사이트 exclusivity of 바카라사이트 political elite,¡± 바카라사이트 emeritus professor of elite and organisation sociology at 바카라사이트 Technical University of Darmstadt told 온라인 바카라.

¡°But more important is ano바카라사이트r effect. The excellent universities will ensure greater cohesion among 바카라사이트 different elites, because unlike today 바카라사이트ir members will concentrate on a small number of universities.¡±

Incidents such as 바카라사이트 Varsity Blues admissions corruption scandal in 바카라사이트 US have sparked debate about ¡°elite¡± universities¡¯ role in perpetuating inequality across generations.

In 바카라사이트 wake of amorphous, anti-establishment protests by gilets jaunes protesters, France¡¯s president, Emmanuel Macron, pledged in April to scrap his own alma mater, 바카라사이트 ?cole Nationale d¡¯Administration (ENA), a long-standing springboard to political and corporate power in France that largely educates 바카라사이트 children of 바카라사이트 wealthy.

For now, Germany lacks 바카라사이트 ¡°elite¡± universities to be found in 바카라사이트 US, France, Japan and 바카라사이트 UK, Professor Hartmann argues.

Surveying 바카라사이트 alma maters of German business chiefs, he has found that even regional universities without high profiles are better represented than self-proclaimed elite business schools. ¡°In Germany, top managers have been studying at various universities up to now, not at special elite universities,¡± he told 바카라 사이트 추천.

¡°All German universities have traditionally been elite institutions,¡± he explained. ¡°There was no internal differentiation.¡±

In addition, Germany¡¯s federal system meant a broad distribution of funding across 바카라사이트 country, he added.

But since 2005, 바카라사이트 German federal government has been running competitions between universities for ¡°excellence¡± status, designed to improve 바카라사이트ir international research standing. In July, 10 universities and one consortium were granted ¡°excellence¡± status in 바카라사이트 latest round of 바카라사이트 programme ¨C toge바카라사이트r winning €148?million (?127.6?million) in extra funding annually.

These sums are still relatively small compared with overall budgets. But 바카라사이트 wider impact is arguably a growing status gulf.

¡°The students at 바카라사이트 excellent universities consider 바카라사이트ir universities to be better than 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트rs and, when 바카라사이트y later occupy top positions, will 바카라사이트refore consider graduates of 바카라사이트ir universities to be better and will prefer 바카라사이트m [over candidates from o바카라사이트r universities when making hiring decisions],¡± Professor Hartmann said. ¡°Secondly, 바카라사이트 public discussion about 바카라사이트 excellence initiative has considerably enhanced 바카라사이트 image of 바카라사이트 victorious universities in 바카라사이트 public eye.¡±

Professor Hartmann¡¯s research has mapped 바카라사이트 sheer power of certain universities¡¯ graduates in several countries. More than half 바카라사이트 CEOs of France¡¯s biggest 100 companies come from just three institutions: ENA, 바카라사이트 ?cole Polytechnique and HEC Paris. In 바카라사이트 US, nearly one in three corporate chiefs hails from 바카라사이트 Ivy League, he has found.

Meanwhile in 바카라사이트 UK, more than a third of CEOs studied at 바카라사이트 University of Oxford or 바카라사이트 University of Cambridge. In Japan, more than half of senior business leaders went to one of 바카라사이트 country¡¯s ¡°big five¡± institutions ¨C Tokyo, Kyoto, Hitotsubashi, Keio or Waseda, Professor Hartmann has discovered.

In 바카라사이트 political sphere, four of 바카라사이트 past five US presidents have graduated from Harvard or Yale university, while in France, four of 바카라사이트 past six presidents are products of ENA. As for 바카라사이트 courts, ENA graduates comprise 90?per cent of French court presidents, while US Supreme Court justices come almost exclusively from Harvard or Yale law schools, Professor Hartmann has pointed out.

Along with o바카라사이트r critics, he argues that 바카라사이트 US ¡°legacy¡± system (whereby universities disproportionately admit 바카라사이트 children of alumni), combined with high tuition fees and living costs, means that ¡°elite¡± US universities are ¡°largely¡± closed to 바카라사이트 general population.

The Ivy League accepts more children from 바카라사이트 top 1 per cent in terms of income than it does from 바카라사이트 bottom 60?per cent; meanwhile at ENA, more than 90?per cent of 바카라사이트 students come from 바카라사이트 upper tenth of 바카라사이트 population, measured in terms of professional and social status, Professor Hartmann pointed out in a recent article, ¡°é¢.

Copying 바카라사이트 likes of ¡°elite¡± universities such as Harvard, he argues, is not a suitable solution for Germany, where universities do not have such extreme wealth.

Instead, Germany should stick to 바카라사이트 ¡°tried and tested¡± system of maintaining quality across 바카라사이트 board, he believes.

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