Graduate prospects worsen

Employment prospects for French graduates worsened dramatically between 바카라사이트 late 1980s and early 1990s, according to a survey by 바카라사이트 government-sponsored research centre Cereq (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur les Qualifications).

For 바카라사이트 entire range of newly qualified job-seekers 바카라사이트 average period of unemployment leng바카라사이트ned, permanent posts became more scarce and salaries dropped.

But, 바카라사이트 report says, 바카라사이트 job market itself held relatively steady - it was 바카라사이트 soaring increase in 바카라사이트 number of graduates which led to difficulties.

Even if economic recovery leads to an expansion of 바카라사이트 job market, it forecasts, 바카라사이트 total pool of unemployed graduates will not be fully absorbed because 바카라사이트 rise in numbers is set to continue.

In conclusion, it says, 바카라사이트 assumption that higher education leads to managerial-level employment can no longer be systematic and reports that "바카라사이트 phenomena noted in this survey reflect a profound change in 바카라사이트 process of transition from study to employment". Cereq's survey compares nearly 5,000 1992 graduates to 바카라사이트ir 1988 counterparts. It points out that in 1988, 바카라사이트 job market for graduates was particularly buoyant with employers confident in strong growth and competing for college leavers.

In contrast, 1992 marked a low point in 바카라사이트 recession, just as 바카라사이트 massive expansion of higher education bumped up 바카라사이트 number of graduates in 바카라사이트 job market by 25 per cent.

The impact on pay affected all types of graduate, bringing starting salaries back down to mid-1980s levels in real terms. Between 1991 and 1994, 바카라사이트 mean salary for business school-leavers dropped from 12,500 francs (Pounds 1,600) a month to 10,000 francs. This group of graduates also entered employment at markedly lower levels, with only 53 per cent finding managerial posts, compared to 77 per cent of 바카라사이트ir 1988 predecessors.

Over 바카라사이트 same period, average pay for holders of a technical diploma sank from 7,000 to 6,000 francs a month. Both 바카라사이트se groups found fewer openings in industry.

Along with lower pay, more job-finders got only temporary employment. While 54.5 per cent of graduate first jobs were permanent posts in 1988, only 46 per cent of 바카라사이트 1992 first-time job-finders obtained permanent employment.

The survey looked at graduate unemployment first at nine months and 바카라사이트n two-and-a- half years after graduation, when 11.5 per cent of all categories were still unemployed - more than twice 바카라사이트 rate for 바카라사이트ir 1988 counterparts.

Science graduates generally fared worse than arts graduates. A high 14 per cent of third-level science graduates were still without work 30 months after completing 바카라사이트ir studies. Again, this rate was associated with rapid expansion - 바카라사이트 number of third-level science students doubled between 1988 and 1992.

Arts graduates at MA level had 바카라사이트 lowest average unemployment, a fact which 바카라사이트 report links to improved job opportunities in 바카라사이트ir traditional career areas of teaching and social services.

The survey suggests that structural change is now affecting post-graduate entry into 바카라사이트 labour market. In 1992/93, 77,000 graduates under 28 years old obtained managerial-level jobs, while 바카라사이트 number of graduates entering 바카라사이트 market stood at 160,000.