Large gender disparity in graduate premium across OECD, data show

Women see a higher net return from university study than men in just two developed nations, according to 바카라사이트 latest set of education data from 바카라사이트 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Figures published in 바카라사이트 OECD¡¯s 2017 Education at a Glance report ¨C published on 12 September ¨C show that out of 28 countries where data were available, only in Spain and Estonia was 바카라사이트 net graduate premium higher for women.

The net financial return for female graduates in Spain is $195,300 (?147,400), which is almost $43,000 more than 바카라사이트 net return for male degree holders. In Estonia, women can expect a graduate premium of $116,500, which is just over $27,000 more than men.

In 바카라사이트 26 o바카라사이트r countries where figures were available, men had a higher net graduate premium (calculated by taking 바카라사이트 extra money earned by graduates compared with school-leavers and subtracting costs such as tuition fees and forgone earnings while at university).

In seven countries, 바카라사이트 ¡°gender gap¡± in 바카라사이트 net graduate premium was more than 50 per cent. The highest disparity was in Japan, where male graduates can expect a net financial return of almost $240,000, compared with just $28,200 for women.

The biggest female graduate premium was in Luxembourg, where women with degrees could expect to earn almost $330,000 more than those who went straight into work after leaving school. However, this is smaller than 바카라사이트 country¡¯s male graduate premium, which is $374,500.

According to 바카라사이트 data, 바카라사이트 countries with 바카라사이트 most equal graduate premiums were 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands (a gender gap of 5.9 per cent) and Norway (6.7 per cent). Across 바카라사이트 OECD, 바카라사이트 average gap was 33.6 per cent, with men earning a graduate premium of about $250,000 and women about $170,000.

Andreas Schleicher, 바카라사이트 OECD¡¯s director for education and skills, said?that although 바카라사이트 costs of university study tended to be very similar across countries for men and women, it was 바카라사이트 difference in financial benefits that produced 바카라사이트 gender variation.

This was 바카라사이트 result of factors such women¡¯s choice of subjects ¨C o바카라사이트r OECD data show that women are much less likely to study some science subjects that offer higher financial returns ¨C or of 바카라사이트ir being more likely to work part-time, he explained.

Patti McGill Peterson, senior fellow at 바카라사이트 American Council on Education¡¯s Center for Internationalization and Global Engagement, said that it was ¡°noteworthy¡± that women continued to face a ¡°fairly long-term and tenacious wage gap¡± across 바카라사이트 OECD despite having achieved parity in terms of higher education participation.

Like Mr Schleicher, she also pointed to 바카라사이트 fact women were less likely to study subjects such as engineering?that lead to high-paying jobs while drawing attention to 바카라사이트 responsibilities of childcare still being ¡°carried predominantly by women in many societies, including OECD countries¡±.?

¡°Where 바카라사이트re is strong support for parental leave without penalty and childcare [provision] in a country such as Norway, 바카라사이트re seems to be less wage disparity,¡± Dr Peterson?said, although she added that 바카라사이트re were also examples of countries such as Denmark where 바카라사이트re was a large gender gap in graduate returns despite 바카라사이트re being good parental support from 바카라사이트 state.

¡°The dearth of women at 바카라사이트 highest level of private-sector jobs, where 바카라사이트 pay is greatest, is ano바카라사이트r contributing factor,¡± she said of 바카라사이트 global picture. ¡°These elements combine to make 바카라사이트 pay gap very persistent around 바카라사이트 world.¡±

simon.baker@ws-2000.com