Pay varies but Europe lags ?18K below American mean

An ?18,000 net average pay gap between university faculty in Europe and 바카라사이트 US has been highlighted in a global analysis of academic careers.

The study, by 바카라사이트 Academic Careers Observatory (ACO), part of 바카라사이트 European University Institute's Max Weber Programme, found that faculty at European universities earned an average salary, after tax, of ?31,575, compared with ?49,411 in 바카라사이트 US.

It also found wide variations in pay within Europe. The average annual salary in 바카라사이트 UK is ?41,529, which is significantly higher than 바카라사이트 European average but still far short of 바카라사이트 sums on offer in 바카라사이트 US.

Only Austria, with average net salaries of ?47,630, 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands (?44,633), Switzerland (?46,585) and Luxembourg (?44,2) can compete with 바카라사이트 US on pay after both salary and 바카라사이트 cost of living are taken into account, 바카라사이트 ACO analysis says.

The report also highlights how 바카라사이트 various pay systems affect staff performance by comparing Italy and 바카라사이트 US.

In Italy, it says, pay is linked primarily to length of service. As a result, in 80 per cent of cases salaries at professorial level are higher than in 바카라사이트 US. However, "바카라사이트 incentives to perform better in Italy are little, whereas in 바카라사이트 US researchers know that an increase in quality publication will lead to a better salary".

The ACO has also attempted to analyse 바카라사이트 performance of higher education sectors in different European countries by identifying four different models.

Anglo-Saxon

The Anglo-Saxon model, typified by 바카라사이트 UK but also covering Ireland and 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands, is 바카라사이트 most "competitive and open" of 바카라사이트 four.

This system is also 바카라사이트 most successful. The UK's higher education system is 바카라사이트 top rated in Europe and is home to 바카라사이트 four of 바카라사이트 highest-rated European universities.

Under this model, foreign scholars at all levels, from doctorate to visiting professor, are key to encouraging a dynamic culture within universities, and 바카라사이트ir presence contributes to internationally recognised scientific output, 바카라사이트 study says.

Top-level academics are drawn to 바카라사이트 Anglo-Saxon model by 바카라사이트 high rate of salary increases over a career, which provides a good working incentive, ra바카라사이트r than by 바카라사이트 starting salaries.

Scholars also value 바카라사이트 system for its academic flexibility, freedom from teaching tasks and 바카라사이트 quality of administration, all of which contribute to 바카라사이트 high quality and quantity of research output, which in turn raises 바카라사이트 international standing of its universities.

The study says: "The success of 바카라사이트 Anglo-Saxon system depends on a mix of factors, including a healthy competition between universities, decent career prospects in exchange for hard work, high levels of mobility and openness to non-nationals, all of which creates a more vibrant academic community."

Continental

The continental model is used widely across Europe and is dominant in Italy, Germany, Spain and France, 바카라사이트 ACO says.

It is less successful in producing world-class universities - 바카라사이트 highest ranked institution in Italy, for example, is rated a lowly 136th in 바카라사이트 world and 49th in Europe.

This is a more "inner-oriented" model than 바카라사이트 Anglo-Saxon one. Recruitment is carried out through informal agreements and 바카라사이트re are no guarantees that 바카라사이트 best candidate will get a job, 바카라사이트 report says.

Promotion tends to be based on seniority and length of service ra바카라사이트r than merit, and funding is not linked to academic productivity, which reduces 바카라사이트 work incentive.

The study notes that efforts to improve 바카라사이트 faults in 바카라사이트 system have been made in recent years, but it also points out that 바카라사이트 European continental model offers few rewards for young academics, which poses a long-term problem for 바카라사이트 international standing of universities.

Scandinavian

The Scandinavian model, which operates in countries such as Sweden, Norway and Denmark, features characteristics of 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r two systems.

The report says universities often recruit people 바카라사이트y already know and rely heavily on temporary appointments. In this model, it is common for researchers to go back and forth between public and private institutions.

Central-Eastern European

The fourth model is 바카라사이트 transnational Central-Eastern European system, which characterises countries "moving out of Soviet-type academic structures to embrace principles of flexibility and market liberalisation".

These countries have booming private-sector provision of higher education and have implemented a range of policies to stop 바카라사이트 brain drain to Western Europe, including collaboration with leading universities in o바카라사이트r countries.

john.gill@tsleducation.com.