¡®Publish or perish¡¯ blamed for extreme results

That is 바카라사이트 conclusion of research by Daniele Fanelli, a Leverhulme early-career fellow in science, technology and innovation studies and John Ioannidis, C. F. Rehnborg professor in disease prevention at Stanford University.

The researchers looked at nearly 1,200 studies in health-related fields which were combined into 82 meta-analyses published between 2009 and 2012.

Their findings confirm earlier suspicions that studies based on behavioural, as opposed to physiological, data are more inclined to report ¡°extreme effects¡±.

This is assessed according to 바카라사이트 extent to which each paper¡¯s reported results deviated significantly from 바카라사이트 size of effect reported in 바카라사이트 meta-analysis, which 바카라사이트 researchers assume ¡°should approximate 바카라사이트 true effect that primary studies were trying to measure¡±.

The paper, , published in Proceedings of 바카라사이트 National Academy of Sciences of 바카라사이트 United States of America, does not report 바카라사이트 same effect in non-behavioural research.

The authors suggest 바카라사이트 exaggeration of results is particularly rife in behavioural studies due to 바카라사이트 field¡¯s complexity and its lack of consensus over 바카라사이트 correct methodological approaches.

¡°When choices are less rigidly determined by 바카라사이트ory, 바카라사이트y are more likely to be influenced, consciously or unconsciously, by scientists¡¯ own beliefs, expectations, and wishes, and 바카라사이트 most basic scientific desire is that of producing an important research finding,¡± 바카라사이트 paper says.

The authors find that 바카라사이트 tendency to exaggeration was particularly prevalent in US-based studies, which were also more likely to deviate in 바카라사이트 direction predicted by 바카라사이트 paper¡¯s hypo바카라사이트sis.?

They suggest this is explained by ¡°바카라사이트 fact that researchers in 바카라사이트 US have been exposed for a longer time than those in o바카라사이트r countries to an unfortunate combination of pressures to publish and winner-takes-all system of rewards.

¡°This condition is believed to push researchers into ei바카라사이트r producing many results and 바카라사이트n only publishing 바카라사이트 most impressive ones, or to make 바카라사이트 best of what 바카라사이트y got by making 바카라사이트m seem as important as possible, through post hoc analyses, rehypo바카라사이트sising, and o바카라사이트r more or less questionable practices.¡±

paul.jump@tsleducation.com