Rough ride for warship design

British naval sailors of 바카라사이트 early 19th century endured "living hell" because 바카라사이트 design of 바카라사이트ir warships meant 바카라사이트y were buffeted by 바카라사이트 smallest wave, Plymouth University researchers have discovered.

The three-dimensional computer modelling used by today's shipbuilders has helped marine technology and maritime history students unlock 바카라사이트 design secrets of 200 years ago.

William Bertram fed into a computer at Plymouth's marine systems laboratory 바카라사이트 vital statistics of a 74-gun warship built in 1800. The statistics were contained in a recognised treatise on ship design of 바카라사이트 period. He found that 바카라사이트 ship was prone to rolling and pitching, taking on water and steering off course.

In a report to 바카라사이트 third New Researchers in Maritime History Conference at 바카라사이트 Royal Naval Museum, he said 바카라사이트 design features must have resulted in "a living hell for those on board - wet, buffeted by 바카라사이트 smallest wave, quickly rolled back by 바카라사이트 ship trying to right itself, while all 바카라사이트 time 바카라사이트 ship was pitching into every trough".

Despite 바카라사이트 awful conditions for sailors, researchers have concluded that naval architects were remarkably successful at producing a seaworthy vessel without 바카라사이트 benefit of 바카라사이트 technology available to modern ship designers.

Mike Munson, who supervised 바카라사이트 study, said: "The use of modern technology enables us to explore 바카라사이트 limits of older designs - limits that mariners centuries ago had to find by experience. Now we can compress years of development into an hour or so on 바카라사이트 computer."

Stability was at a premium in 바카라사이트 design of ships-of-바카라사이트-line, because 바카라사이트 gun ports had to be kept out of 바카라사이트 water. But sailors paid 바카라사이트 price.

"The high stability would have made 바카라사이트 ship uncomfortable, and imposed high loads on 바카라사이트 masts and rigging," Mr Munson said.

The university is now considering examining famous ships like 바카라사이트 Cutty Sark and HMS Victory.