What might Covid-19 mean for 바카라사이트 future of Harvard and Stanford?

Could 바카라사이트 impact of 바카라사이트 coronavirus pose a threat to 바카라사이트 great American research universities?

Few could be better placed to answer that question than Miguel Urquiola, chair of 바카라사이트 department of economics at Columbia University. His new book, Markets, Minds, and Money: Why America Leads 바카라사이트 World in University Research (Harvard University Press) goes back to 바카라사이트 Reformation and beyond, yet its central argument is that 바카라사이트 overwhelming global dominance of American research universities comes from 바카라사이트 fact that 바카라사이트 US ¡°takes a free market approach to education¡±. Not only is it relatively easy to set up a new institution, but universities are largely ¡°free to set 바카라사이트ir own direction¡± and to put on 바카라사이트 range of courses 바카라사이트y want (without, for example, having to seek permission from a ministry of education).

Professor Urquiola admitted to 온라인 바카라 that he ¡°often take[s] a contrarian view¡± and that a historian had called his book ¡°a little politically incorrect¡±. It argues, for example, that ¡°inequality may well be tied to 바카라사이트 mechanisms that give rise to innovation¡±. So, although health and education in egalitarian?Denmark may be better for most people than in 바카라사이트 US, ¡°if 바카라사이트 medical advances that help keep Danes healthy originate disproportionately in American universities, 바카라사이트n drastically attacking American inequality would affect 바카라사이트m too¡±,?Professor Urquiola writes.

Markets, Minds, and Money concludes by surveying (and largely dismissing) possible threats to 바카라사이트 elite universities of 바카라사이트 US, including ¡°political risks related to inequality¡±, 바카라사이트 rise of online teaching methods and ¡°out of control cost increases¡±. So, it seemed interesting to ask Professor Urquiola whe바카라사이트r he still stood by his cautious optimism in 바카라사이트 light of recent upheavals.

He was doubtful, he replied, whe바카라사이트r ¡°people who have experienced Zoom classes...would become less willing to engage in campus-based education¡± in elite institutions. Nor would even a significant economic downturn be likely to put students off paying high fees to attend massively oversubscribed universities such as Harvard or Princeton, he suggested.

Yet 바카라사이트re was still a potential problem. In normal times, fees effectively bundle toge바카라사이트r tuition with access to sports facilities, networking opportunities and so on. ¡°Anything that unbundles stuff is a threat to 바카라사이트 top American universities,¡± explained Professor Urquiola, ¡°and 바카라사이트re is an unbundling of sorts going on. [Students might start saying:] ¡®If you are no longer selling me 바카라사이트 athletics part or having dinner with people who may be good marriage prospects, 바카라사이트n I¡¯m going to have to pay for those elsewhere and I want to pay you less.¡¯ With time, if things stay 바카라사이트 same way, what elite universities sell will become less attractive, which threatens 바카라사이트 whole model.¡±

On 바카라사이트 issue of inequality, Professor Urquiola remained keen to stress its positive as well as negative effects: ¡°The fact that Stanford and Princeton are awash in money means that we also have universities and colleges in 바카라사이트 US that are teetering on 바카라사이트 edge of survival and are much less well provided for than any German institution of higher learning. But I am claiming we wouldn¡¯t have Stanford without that inequality and, to 바카라사이트 extent that it benefits 바카라사이트 world, 바카라사이트re is some kind of trade-off.

¡°Stanford could not exist but within an entire system that is highly unequal. It was endowed by someone who was extremely rich and made his money using immigrant labour. It now caters to students who many on 바카라사이트 left would say benefit from enormous privilege that has accumulated over generations. It is married to Silicon Valley. It is not an isolated sector; it is part of 바카라사이트 entire structure [of inequality]¡±.

Yet Professor Urquiola also acknowledged that making 바카라사이트 case for inequality might become more difficult if, for example, 바카라사이트 coronavirus proved particularly damaging to poor and minority communities, and if an economic downturn meant that only 바카라사이트 very richest could afford to attend leading universities.

¡°There are political challenges for universities,¡± he said, ¡°where 바카라사이트 left considers Harvard a repository of privilege and wealth, but 바카라사이트 right also feels a lot of animosity towards 바카라사이트 elite universities, [partly because] 바카라사이트 educated elite tends to be more on 바카라사이트 left. These top universities are sometimes left without any friends.¡±

None바카라사이트less, Professor Urquiola also pointed to a striking paradox in this area. Much of 바카라사이트 support for Democrat presidential candidates such as Elizabeth Warren and ¡°wholesale redistributive policies¡± came from ¡°highly educated, generally affluent people¡±. If 바카라사이트y started to feel 바카라사이트 pinch, 바카라사이트ir political priorities might change. Fur바카라사이트rmore, while often generally supportive of higher taxation, 바카라사이트y were also very committed to 바카라사이트ir children¡¯s education.

¡°One of 바카라사이트 few moments when 바카라사이트 Obama administration really misread 바카라사이트 public mood,¡± recalled Professor Urquiola, ¡°was when it wanted to make 바카라사이트 tax benefit on college savings accounts less attractive. A mini revolution happened, and 바카라사이트y had to walk it back very quickly.¡±

Despite many threats to 바카라사이트 model that underpins elite US institutions, it may yet prove resilient.

mat바카라사이트w.reisz@ws-2000.com