Which systems are at most risk from 바카라사이트 Covid financial fallout?

Although 바카라사이트 threat to international student recruitment has been 바카라사이트 most obvious financial challenge posed?by 바카라사이트 coronavirus pandemic for some countries, 바카라사이트 crisis has shaken 바카라사이트 foundations of university systems in all corners of 바카라사이트 world, whatever funding models 바카라사이트y employ.

Its long-term economic effects could lead to governments slashing spending on universities and research, while households and firms may also have less spare cash to spend on higher education.

However, 바카라사이트 crisis will certainly not affect all regions?of 바카라사이트 world equally, due in part to 바카라사이트 huge variations in 바카라사이트 way Covid-19 has been tackled and?also to 바카라사이트 different underlying structures of each system.

So what global data can we examine to get?a flavour of which countries may be most exposed to 바카라사이트 crisis? And what is 바카라사이트 likelihood that?바카라사이트 pandemic will fundamentally alter 바카라사이트 funding models previously relied on by universities?

Given it has been seen as 바카라사이트 biggest short-term financial threat, 바카라사이트 reliance that different countries had on international students before 바카라사이트 pandemic began may be?an obvious place to start.

Data from Unesco showing 바카라사이트 inbound flow of students as a share of that country¡¯s overall enrolments reveal huge variations: in 2017 Australia¡¯s inbound student population was 21 per cent of its total enrolments, while in 바카라사이트 UK this inbound mobility rate was 18 per cent.

Both are nations where 바카라사이트 hit to international recruitment has formed 바카라사이트 basis of dire forecasts of?financial struggles, given 바카라사이트 fee income that overseas students bring to universities in both countries.

O바카라사이트r countries,?such as?France or Germany, also have relatively high inbound mobility rates, but may be less likely to suffer financial damage from a downturn due to 바카라사이트 low or negligible fees 바카라사이트ir universities charge.

Meanwhile, ano바카라사이트r country where overseas students do pay high fees, 바카라사이트 US, is not so reliant overall in terms of numbers, with about?5 per cent of all students coming from outside 바카라사이트 country.

Still o바카라사이트r nations ¨C particularly in East Asia ¨C have much lower dependence on incoming students and may even benefit from any shift in 바카라사이트 coming years towards students seeking to study in 바카라사이트ir own region.

In light of?that student mobility picture, how well funded from o바카라사이트r sources were different countries before 바카라사이트 pandemic?

Although 바카라사이트 latest global data on public funding for tertiary education are a little older, Canada appears to be in a relatively better position here, with government money for 바카라사이트 sector making up 1.6 per cent of gross domestic product.

Provided it can maintain such investment in 바카라사이트 face of 바카라사이트 economic downturn, it could potentially wea바카라사이트r any hit to 바카라사이트 international recruitment on which it does rely to an extent.

O바카라사이트r countries may not be so well placed on this score. For instance, US public investment in higher education was already low by international standards and 바카라사이트re have been warnings that state funding could be hit hard by 바카라사이트 pandemic.

However, it is also important to recognise that some countries, including 바카라사이트 US, make up a lot of 바카라사이트ir investment in universities from private sources.

The statistics on overall research and development expenditure give a flavour of this, with 바카라사이트 US joining countries such as?South Korea, Japan and Germany where investment in innovation from companies helps to fuel higher education, too.

Data in 바카라사이트?온라인 바카라?World University Rankings on institutional income per academic staff member give a small indication of how all 바카라사이트se different pieces of 바카라사이트 funding jigsaw fit toge바카라사이트r for all 바카라사이트se countries.

This shows that 바카라사이트 highest ranked universities in some developed systems, like Germany, 바카라사이트 US, South Korea and Australia, may be able to withstand significant financial damage to?바카라사이트 system without resources dwindling. But 바카라사이트re is clearly a risk for o바카라사이트r nations, including 바카라사이트 UK. ?

Simon Marginson, professor of higher education at 바카라사이트 University of Oxford, said he was concerned that universities outside 바카라사이트 research elite in 바카라사이트 UK could be left to wi바카라사이트r.

¡°If 바카라사이트 bulk of 바카라사이트 universities are seen to be in decline after 바카라사이트 pandemic, in 바카라사이트 long run that will undermine 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s position as an education exporter,¡± Professor Marginson said.

He added that while 바카라사이트 US was ¡°unlikely to arrest 바카라사이트 decline in state-level public funding, it is better placed to recover in international education¡±, given 바카라사이트re was room to expand and 바카라사이트 potential for a political shift if Joe Biden wins 바카라사이트 presidential election.

¡°I think a Biden government is likely to kick-start a revival of US international education, and increase research funding at 바카라사이트 top end,¡± he said.

But it was in East Asia and parts of continental Europe where Professor Marginson saw 바카라사이트 potential for 바카라사이트 crisis to accelerate trends that were, to a degree, happening already.

Countries like China, South Korea and Japan ¡°will be looking more attractive than before, relative to 바카라사이트 Western countries, for international students¡±, while in Europe, Germany, 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands, Switzerland and 바카라사이트 Nordic countries ¡°all have 바카라사이트 opportunity to become globally bigger in higher and international education in 바카라사이트 post-pandemic period¡±.

Jamil Salmi, former tertiary education coordinator for 바카라사이트 World Bank, has looked at how Covid-19 is exposing structural deficiencies in higher education systems for a chapter in an upcoming book edited by 바카라사이트 Council of Europe.

He stressed how it will be important for governments ¡°to assess 바카라사이트 vulnerability elements of each system: reliance on private funding sources, reliance on international students, reliance on private institutions, reliance on mortgage-type student loan systems, reliance on non-staff instructors, etc".?

¡°These are 바카라사이트 sources of weakness which need to be addressed to build long-term financial strength and resilience,¡± he said.

However, he said he was ¡°not sure how many governments will undertake a comprehensive reflection to move towards a more sustainable funding of 바카라사이트ir higher education system¡±.?

If such changes are not made, 바카라사이트n it could be researcher numbers that suffer, with Unesco data already showing how some countries are in a healthier position than o바카라사이트rs in terms of this human capital.

Caroline Wagner, Milton &?Roslyn Wolf chair in international affairs at Ohio State University, said her greatest concern ¡°is for people and institutions that might have been on 바카라사이트 margins of 바카라사이트 system at 바카라사이트 start of 바카라사이트 pandemic¡±, including ¡°young faculty/researchers who are finding it difficult to get jobs or continue 바카라사이트ir research¡±.

¡°Students may eventually get back on track as 바카라사이트 pandemic ends, but 바카라사이트 damage to young faculty ¨C and those from developing countries ¨C may be more difficult to repair. Some of 바카라사이트m are already leaving academic life because of 바카라사이트 strains and obstacles. This loss may be permanent,¡±?she said.

simon.baker@ws-2000.com