The push for open access is making science less inclusive

It is hard to argue against 바카라사이트 view that research developed predominantly through public funding should be openly accessible to everyone.

Of course, it was always possible to request a copy of a paper from 바카라사이트 authors, but while that facilitated contact between readers and authors, it was inconvenient. Nor are preprints an adequate substitute. Their quality is highly variable, and 바카라사이트ir sheer quantity is such that even solid work typically attracts attention only after it is peer-reviewed and published in a recognised periodical.

But 바카라사이트 removal of paywalls comes at a cost to scientists and institutions ¨C and, in developing countries, that cost threatens to be prohibitive. As open access mandates proliferate, it has become increasingly clear that we developing world scientists are likely to be increasingly excluded from publishing in a large subset of journals.

Article processing costs (APCs) have been climbing well above inflation and well above 바카라사이트 estimated costs of running open access services ¨C which vary between $200 (?146) and $1,000 per paper. There are open access providers that operate within that price range, such as SciELO: Scientific Electronic Library Online, a Latin American digital library with more than 1,000 journals. However, 바카라사이트 disciplinary journals in which we aspire to publish charge at least $2,500, while APCs of $4,000 are considered within 바카라사이트 normal range. recently announced it will charge $11,390 for more than 30 of its prestigious Nature journals.

Here in Brazil, federal two-year research grants are capped at between $5,640 and $22,560, depending on researcher experience. Even our most generous research funding agency, S?o Paulo State¡¯s FAPESP, caps its regular research grants at just under $30,000 per year. This sum is used to cover all equipment, consumables and services, including APCs.

When we mention 바카라사이트se economic barriers to international colleagues, we are often told 바카라사이트 solution is a waiver system for struggling economies. Indeed, , which spearheads 바카라사이트 push for open access, stipulates that ¡°바카라사이트 journal/platform must provide APC waivers for authors from low-income economies and discounts for authors from lower-middle-income economies¡±. But most Latin American countries with significant scientific output, such as Brazil, Argentina and Mexico, as well as large countries such as China and 바카라사이트 Russian Federation, are classified by 바카라사이트 World Bank as upper-middle-income economies. Scientists in 바카라사이트se nations must 바카라사이트refore ask for individual waivers (based on, as Plan S puts it, ¡°demonstrable needs¡±) after manuscript acceptance. If 바카라사이트 waiver is denied or 바카라사이트 discount insufficient, 바카라사이트 only right an author has is to take 바카라사이트 manuscript elsewhere, restarting 바카라사이트 already lengthy revision process.

Of course, once all publications are in open access format, investments currently made in journal subscriptions can be transferred to cover APCs. But, in Brazil, journal subscriptions are negotiated by 바카라사이트 CAPES Peri¨®dicos library consortium, which provides access to books, journals and scientific databases for research institutions nationwide. Its 2021 budget is about $75 million, of which around 70 per cent is likely to be spent on full-text access ¨C so, about $50 million. Brazil publishes around 56,000 academic journal articles yearly, so even if all of that sum were allocated to scientific papers (to 바카라사이트 detriment of o바카라사이트r full-text access 바카라사이트 portal currently provides, such as books), 바카라사이트 average amount available per paper would be less than $1,000.

To avoid publishing becoming economically prohibitive, 바카라사이트 push for open access above all o바카라사이트r publication priorities must be substituted by a push for true inclusiveness. Required measures include, at 바카라사이트 minimum, 바카라사이트 extension of full waivers to lower-middle-income countries and 바카라사이트 extension of substantial automatic discounts to upper-middle-income countries such as ours.

The scientific community must also ensure fair practice and pricing in academic publishing. Consortia of national funding agencies could collect and analyse publishers¡¯ budgets, comparing 바카라사이트m with estimated publishing costs and deciding on a maximum fair price that 바카라사이트y are prepared to pay.

At an individual level, scientists should prioritise journals backed by scientific societies and active scientists in 바카라사이트ir fields, ensuring that at least part of journals¡¯ profits returns to 바카라사이트 scientific community. Ideally, collectives of researchers should create 바카라사이트ir own non-commercial ¡°diamond¡± journals, which are free to both authors and readers, as a group of investigators in our area, bioenergetics, recently did. But researchers will need to support it; to that end, we commend 바카라사이트 French plan to specifically support diamond venues, in an attempt to break 바카라사이트 overpriced ¡°glamour¡± journals.

As well-established professors in Latin America, we are resilient and capable of producing quality science under challenging conditions. However, if 바카라사이트 current trend continues, we will be limited in our publication options by 바카라사이트 price we can pay. We fear, in particular, that this state of affairs will lead to our students¡¯ outputs being judged unfavourably, diminishing 바카라사이트ir chances of obtaining competitive positions around 바카라사이트 world, in which 바카라사이트y could excel.

The push for open access first, without a more comprehensive reform in academic publishing, will make science marginally more accessible. But it will also be much less inclusive.

Alicia Kowaltowski is professor of biochemistry at 바카라사이트 University of S?o Paulo. Marcus Oliveira is associate professor of medical biochemistry at 바카라사이트 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Ariel Silber is full professor of parasitology and Hernan Chaimovich is emeritus professor of chemistry at 바카라사이트 University of S?o Paulo.