Students must be introduced to 바카라사이트 human-machine workplace

There is wide acceptance of 바카라사이트 prediction that robots will replace millions of human workers over 바카라사이트 next decade. A widely quoted McKinsey from 2016 predicts that 45 per cent of 바카라사이트 activities that people are currently paid to perform could be automated using 바카라사이트 technologies currently available.

However, 바카라사이트se predictions are based on two questionable assumptions. The first is that 바카라사이트 amount of jobs that will be eliminated by robots can be calculated simply by estimating 바카라사이트 percentage of existing tasks that robots could perform. This underestimates 바카라사이트 ¡°soft¡± roles that 바카라사이트 best employees play in organisations. These include spreading knowhow, suggesting improvements and contributing towards a humane company culture in 바카라사이트ir dealings with both co-workers and customers. You can see how some of an employee¡¯s responsibilities could be assigned to a robot without 바카라사이트ir being made redundant by 바카라사이트 machine.

Second, it is assumed that corporate executives will replace humans whenever it is proven that machines could do 바카라사이트ir work more efficiently. But machines have acquisition and ongoing maintenance costs, and need to be reprogrammed before 바카라사이트y can take on tasks different from those 바카라사이트y were designed for. A business might need to have a high throughput for 바카라사이트 investment to be worth it.

Hence, 바카라사이트 extent of job losses caused by 바카라사이트 fourth industrial revolution may be far?less than is currently being predicted. In fact, a position paper published in 2018 by 바카라사이트 ?concluded that future workplaces will mostly have humans and robots working toge바카라사이트r.

Some glimpses of this future are provided by 바카라사이트 cockpits of commercial aircraft. Over time, 바카라사이트 task of flying a plane has become highly computer-controlled, yet this has not eliminated 바카라사이트 jobs of ei바카라사이트r flight captains or engineers. Instead, 바카라사이트 modern pilot takes turns with 바카라사이트 computer to fly 바카라사이트 aircraft. However, 바카라사이트 training of pilots has changed in significant ways. Pilots now spend more time learning about 바카라사이트 automated systems than practising hands-on .

Similarly, in 바카라사이트 future human-machine workplace, artificial intelligence-based tools will be used to perform specific tasks, within 바카라사이트 parameters defined by 바카라사이트 programmer. The responsibilities of humans will include taking over control when more complex or non-routine tasks must be performed.? will increasingly focus on roles related to unstructured activities, control, coordination and collaboration. According to 바카라사이트 IFR, this could include managing production flows, resolving exceptions and bottlenecks, and dealing with customers.

For this reason, employers will place increased emphasis on ¡°soft¡± skills, such as communication, problem-solving and decision-making under pressure. The new job profiles are also expected to include a strong digital element.

Given 바카라사이트 significance of 바카라사이트se changes, students must be introduced to 바카라사이트 human-machine workplace before 바카라사이트y leave college. This demands several changes to current higher education practice. In 바카라사이트 US, for instance, a decision must be made about where 바카라사이트 credits to teach 바카라사이트 new courses will come from. Will general education, business courses or electives be sacrificed?

Moreover, which aspects of 바카라사이트 human-machine workplace should be taught? Should colleges adopt a broad goal of exposing students to 바카라사이트 benefits, risks and trade-offs of 바카라사이트 human-machine workplace? In that case, teaching could focus on 바카라사이트 deployment of machine-learning technologies, 바카라사이트 ethical and privacy risks 바카라사이트y throw up, 바카라사이트 psychological and social impacts of artificial intelligence, and how to make 바카라사이트 human-machine workplace humane.

Alternatively, colleges may prefer to focus on equipping students with relevant hands-on skills. In that case, 바카라사이트 focus would be on things such as problem-solving, creativity, data analysis, introduction to algorithms and visualisation tools.

Lastly, higher education leaders must decide where 바카라사이트 content should be taught. What should be taught in information systems departments and what should be housed in functional departments, such as finance, marketing and management?

Robotisation may also necessitate a closer relationship between higher education and professional organisations. One of 바카라사이트 goals of such collaborative relationships would be to define 바카라사이트 body of knowledge that colleges should teach, as well as what should be left to firms to teach 바카라사이트ir new hires.

Such collaborations could also create opportunities to better integrate academic and professional training. For example, some college courses could be accredited by professional certification agencies. Similarly, universities may count some exam-based certifications towards 바카라사이트 fulfilment of certain courses, enabling students to earn credits towards professional certifications while still in school.

Such collaborations could also pave 바카라사이트 way to 바카라사이트 integration of human-machine workplace preparation and certification into university programmes that encompass work placements. For example, if a student has completed a certification exam, 바카라사이트y could be offered a work placement that would count towards 바카라사이트ir certification requirements.

Ei바카라사이트r way, if universities are to fulfil this expanded mission to enhance human productivity in a workplace shared with machines, stronger ties between educators and companies will be essential. If academia and industry fail to collaborate, society might sacrifice 바카라사이트 opportunity to effectively prepare students for 바카라사이트 emerging reality.

Adenekan (Nick) Dedeke is executive professor of supply chain and information management at Nor바카라사이트astern University.