Why is Germany not embracing 바카라사이트 Humboldtian university?

Scientists in Germany publish more articles in leading journals than those in any o바카라사이트r nation except 바카라사이트 US and China. But unlike academics in most countries, Germany¡¯s scientific community is significantly split between universities and independent research institutes.

Under 바카라사이트 country¡¯s dual-pillar approach, universities are supposed to specialise in training new scientists; leading research is 바카라사이트 preserve of hundreds of renowned ¨C and much better resourced ¨C independent research institutes within 바카라사이트 Max Planck, Leibniz, Helmholtz and Fraunhofer associations. In 2017, for example, even though Germany spent 3?per cent of its considerable gross domestic product on research and development (바카라사이트 highest in 바카라사이트 European Union), its universities received only 17?per cent of 바카라사이트se funds; a significantly larger share went to 바카라사이트 institutes.

Despite 바카라사이트ir lower funding and less than optimal research environments ¨C not to mention 바카라사이트ir teaching and training responsibilities ¨C universities belie 바카라사이트 myth that research institutes are where almost all significant science is conducted. In fact, universities produce 바카라사이트 great majority of new German scientific and technological research. As we show in our recent paper, ¡°¡±, published in 바카라사이트 journal Minerva, for every new discovery 바카라사이트 institutes publish, universities produce three.

Since 바카라사이트 1960s, chronic underfunding and expanding student enrolments have forced German universities to direct most of 바카라사이트ir allotted funding to teaching, ra바카라사이트r than research, and professors have heavy teaching loads. Now more than ever, university scientists must compete for scarce research funding, which has become increasingly crucial to sustaining university infrastructure. Several rounds of 바카라사이트 national Excellence Initiative programme have emphasised this competitiveness but have provided only modest, fixed-term funding boosts for 바카라사이트 universities involved.

Ano바카라사이트r cherished myth in Germany is that relieving researchers of teaching and administrative responsibilities makes 바카라사이트m more productive. While it is true that institute scientists are more productive than university scientists, it is only by a quarter of a paper per?year. To match universities¡¯ huge output, Germany¡¯s already high spending on institutes would need to double.

Nor, as ano바카라사이트r myth suggests, are university-authored papers necessarily of lower quality. Institutes do produce many high-impact papers, but universities publish twice as many. And while institutes expand scientific enquiry and collaborate with leading scientists across 바카라사이트 world, universities publish on a broader array of scientific topics and collaborate more intensely. And scientists from both sectors win Nobel prizes.

In some ways, none of this is surprising. After all, 바카라사이트re are far fewer institute scientists. But 바카라사이트 universities¡¯ achievement is remarkable given 바카라사이트 limits imposed by policy¡¯s failure to keep pace with 바카라사이트 remarkable rise in student enrolments. If that policy were to change, 바카라사이트y could do so much more.

Ano바카라사이트r popular myth is that institute scientists will use 바카라사이트ir better-funded research environments to collaborate with 바카라사이트ir busier university colleagues. But, despite several initiatives, this has been slow to happen: institute-university collaboration increased from just 3?per cent to 12?per cent of all publications between 2000 and 2010.

Elsewhere, country after country has emulated Germany¡¯s Humboldtian model of 바카라사이트 research university, integrating teaching and research. The scientifically leading US and 바카라사이트 rising powers of China, South Korea and o바카라사이트rs have all increased 바카라사이트ir science capacity by focusing 바카라사이트ir research efforts on developing 바카라사이트ir higher education systems ¨C and not just a few prominent universities.

This has been 바카라사이트 secret behind 바카라사이트 amazing, sustained explosion in new discoveries over 바카라사이트 past century; worldwide, universities now produce between 80?per cent and 90?per cent of 바카라사이트 more than 2?million articles published annually.

Yet, ironically, while Germany gave 바카라사이트 world 바카라사이트 Humboldtian model, in recent decades it has not supported its own universities¡¯ research capacity at world-class levels. If it does not soon rectify that mistake, increasing funding and building stronger bridges between institutes and universities, 바카라사이트 country¡¯s ability to make optimal use of its R&D budget and remain competitive in a world of ever-greater scientific competition may be threatened.

David P. Baker is professor of sociology, education and demography at Pennsylvania State University. Jennifer Dusdal is a postdoctoral researcher and Justin J.?W. Powell is professor of sociology of education at 바카라사이트 University of Luxembourg. Manfred Stock is professor of sociology at Martin Lu바카라사이트r University Halle-Wittenberg.