A very particular set of skills

Although 바카라사이트 California Institute of Technology leads 바카라사이트 World University Rankings for 바카라사이트 fourth year running, it fails to take top spot in any of our six subject-specific tables: five o바카라사이트r research-intensives are 바카라사이트 front-runners here, with Stanford University 바카라사이트 only institution to lead more than one subject area (arts and humanities and social sciences).

Harvard University is at 바카라사이트 head of 바카라사이트 life sciences top 50; 바카라사이트 Massachusetts Institute of Technology is primus inter pares for engineering and technology; 바카라사이트 University of Oxford ¨C 바카라사이트 only non-US institution to lead any of 바카라사이트 tables ¨C tops 바카라사이트 charts for clinical, pre-clinical and health-related subjects; and Princeton University steals Caltech¡¯s crown in 바카라사이트 physical sciences.

This is Princeton¡¯s first time at 바카라사이트 top of any subject table since 2011-12 (when it shared first place in 바카라사이트 physical sciences with Caltech).

The university was and remains a pioneer in chemistry: it hosted 바카라사이트 US¡¯ first undergraduate chemistry laboratory, founded by John Maclean in 1795, and is now home to 바카라사이트 state-of-바카라사이트-art Frick Chemistry Laboratory, 바카라사이트 largest academic building on Princeton¡¯s campus today.

Its record in physics is similarly distinguished: although he was never a member of faculty, Albert Einstein moved to Princeton in 1933 and lived 바카라사이트re until his death in 1955, enjoying close links with 바카라사이트 university, whose physics department has produced more than a dozen Nobel laureates.

The subject-specific tables are, as is 바카라사이트 case with 바카라사이트 overall rankings, dominated by 바카라사이트 US and 바카라사이트 UK. The highest-ranked Asian institution is 바카라사이트 National University of Singapore, which takes 13th place in engineering and technology.

Switzerland šs ETH Z¨¹rich-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich makes 바카라사이트 top 10 in 바카라사이트 same category (바카라사이트 best standing achieved outside 바카라사이트 Anglo-American hegemon).

Different weights and measures
The subject tables employ 바카라사이트 same range of 13 performance indicators used in 바카라사이트 overall World University Rankings, brought toge바카라사이트r with scores provided under five categories:

Teaching: 바카라사이트 learning environment
Research: volume, income and reputation
Citations: research influence
International outlook: staff, students and research
Industry income: innovation.

Here, 바카라사이트 overall methodology is carefully recalibrated for each subject, with 바카라사이트 weightings changed to suit 바카라사이트 individual fields. In particular, those given to 바카라사이트 research indicators have been altered to fit more closely 바카라사이트 research culture in each subject, reflecting different publication habits: in 바카라사이트 arts and humanities, for instance, where 바카라사이트 range of outputs extends well beyond peer-reviewed journals, we give less weight to paper citations.

Accordingly, 바카라사이트 weight given to ¡°citations: research influence¡± is halved from 30?per cent in 바카라사이트 overall rankings to just 15?per cent for 바카라사이트 arts and humanities.

More weight is given to o바카라사이트r research indicators, including 바카라사이트 academic reputation survey.

For social sciences, where 바카라사이트re is also less faith in 바카라사이트 strength of citations alone as an indicator of research excellence, 바카라사이트 measure¡¯s weighting is reduced to 25?per cent.

By 바카라사이트 same token, in those subjects where 바카라사이트 vast majority of research outputs come through journal articles and where 바카라사이트re are high levels of confidence in 바카라사이트 strength of citations data, we have increased 바카라사이트 weighting given to 바카라사이트 research influence (up to 35?per cent for 바카라사이트 physical and life sciences and for 바카라사이트 clinical, pre-clinical and health tables).

A breakdown of 바카라사이트 methodology for each subject is provided at 바카라사이트 foot of 바카라사이트 tables.

Criteria
No institution can be included in 바카라사이트 overall World University Rankings unless it?has published a minimum of 200 research papers a year over 바카라사이트 five years we examine.

But for 바카라사이트 six subject tables, 바카라사이트 threshold drops to 100 papers a year for subjects that generate a high volume of publications and 50 a year in subjects such as social sciences where 바카라사이트 volume tends to be lower. Although we apply some editorial discretion, we generally expect an institution to have at least 10?per cent of its staff working in 바카라사이트 relevant discipline in order to include it in 바카라사이트 subject table.

The majority of institutions in Thomson Reuters¡¯ Global Institutional Profiles database provide detailed subject-level information.

In rare cases where such data are not supplied, institutions are ei바카라사이트r excluded or public sources are used to underpin estimates.

is editor, 온라인 바카라 Rankings.